{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:03:43Z","timestamp":1782759823752,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Innovative Talent Program, the High-level Talent and Innovative Team Special Project","award":["22JR9KA001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR9KA001"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Innovative Talent Program, the High-level Talent and Innovative Team Special Project","award":["2019QZKK060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK060"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Innovative Talent Program, the High-level Talent and Innovative Team Special Project","award":["42030612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030612"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Innovative Talent Program, the High-level Talent and Innovative Team Special Project","award":["B 13045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B 13045"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["22JR9KA001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR9KA001"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2019QZKK060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK060"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["42030612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030612"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["B 13045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B 13045"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22JR9KA001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR9KA001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42030612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B 13045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B 13045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project-111 Project","award":["22JR9KA001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR9KA001"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project-111 Project","award":["2019QZKK060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK060"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project-111 Project","award":["42030612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030612"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project-111 Project","award":["B 13045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B 13045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the vertical structures of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice-nucleating particle (INP) number concentrations in desert source regions is crucial for examining dust-cloud interactions and other related impacts. To explore the vertical profiles of the CCN and INP number concentrations and their possible atmospheric\u2013dynamic influence factors at the center of the Taklimakan Desert, intensive observations were conducted by employing a ground-based polarization Raman lidar, sounding balloons, and a sun photometer in Tazhong (83.39\u00b0 E, 38.58\u00b0 N, 1103 m above sea level) during the summer of 2019. Based on the GRASP algorithm, the extinction-to-volume conversion factor of dust aerosols was 0.85 \u00d7 10\u221212 Mmm3 m\u22123, and the extinction-to-number conversion factor was predicted to be 0.20 Mm cm\u22123 on the basis of the sun photometer observations. Thus, the vertical CCN and INP number concentration profiles obtained with different parameterization schemes in the presence of various pollution levels were calculated by combining dust extinction coefficients retrieved by lidar and meteorological data observed by sounding balloon observations. The achieved results indicated that the CCN number concentration varied from 10\u22122 to 102 cm\u22123 and decreased from ground level to 12 km with an average value of 36.57 cm\u22123 at the 10\u201312 km height range, while the INP number concentration based on parameterization schemes D10 and D15 mainly varied from 10\u22121 to 102 L\u22121 and from 1 L\u22121 to 103 L\u22121, with average values of 3.50 L\u22121 and 7.80 L\u22121, respectively. Moreover, we observed a strong relationship between the INP number concentration of scheme D10 and the wind speed, with an R2 value of 0.72, but a weak relationship between the CCN number concentration and the relative humidity in the boundary layer, with a Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient R2 value of 0.38. The present study provides original and valuable information regarding the CCN and INP number concentrations and their related influencing factors at the center of the Taklimakan Desert and can improve our understanding of the vertical distributions of dust\u2013cloud\u2013atmosphere dynamic interactions, as well as of the roles of dust aerosols in the desert hydrological cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T01:31:06Z","timestamp":1677115866000},"page":"1216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Derived Profiles of CCN and INP Number Concentrations in the Taklimakan Desert via Combined Polarization Lidar, Sun-Photometer, and Radiosonde Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0218-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9312-0989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7674-811X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khan","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meishi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2674-7407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingqing","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongkai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingtai","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianrong","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiantao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration\/National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wuren","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation 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