{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:17:51Z","timestamp":1771514271671,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62276204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62276204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61871301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61871301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Generative adversarial networks (GANs) can synthesize abundant photo-realistic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Some modified GANs (e.g., InfoGAN) are even able to edit specific properties of the synthesized images by introducing latent codes. It is crucial for SAR image synthesis since the targets in real SAR images have different properties due to the imaging mechanism. Despite the success of the InfoGAN in manipulating properties, there still lacks a clear explanation of how these latent codes affect synthesized properties; thus, editing specific properties usually relies on empirical trials, which are unreliable and time-consuming. In this paper, we show that latent codes are almost disentangled to affect the properties of SAR images in a nonlinear manner. By introducing some property estimators for latent codes, we are able to decompose the complex causality between latent codes and different properties. Both qualitative and quantitative experimental results demonstrate that the property value can be computed by the property estimators; inversely, the required latent codes can be computed given the desired properties. Unlike the original InfoGAN, which only provides the visual trend between properties and latent codes, the properties of SAR images can be manipulated numerically by latent codes as users expect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T01:59:10Z","timestamp":1677463150000},"page":"1254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Interpretation of Latent Codes in InfoGAN with SAR Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0383-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenpeng","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3317-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Dakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electricty Engineering, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbing","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianda","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aerospace Intelligence Control, Beijing Aerospace Automatic Control Institute, Beijing 100854, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7962-3344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingzhe","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiyang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9736-9036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljubi\u0161a","family":"Stankovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electricty Engineering, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2014.2312464","article-title":"Recent Advances in Radar Imaging","volume":"31","author":"Ender","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. 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