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Traditional optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing still have limitations in the long-time series observation of polar regions. Although several studies have demonstrated the potential of moonlight remote sensing for mapping polar snow\/ice covers, systematic evaluation on applying moonlight remote sensing to monitoring spatiotemporal dynamics of polar snow\/ice covers, especially during polar night periods is highly demanded. Here we present a systematic assessment in Svalbard, Norway and using data taken from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) Day\/Night Band (DNB) sensor to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of snow\/ice covers during dark Arctic winters when no solar illumination available for months. We successfully revealed the spatiotemporal dynamics of snow\/ice covers from 2012 to 2022 during polar night\/winter periods, using the VIIRS\/DNB time series data and the object-oriented Random Forests (RF) algorithm, achieving the average accuracy and kappa coefficient of 96.27% and 0.93, respectively. Our findings indicate that the polar snow\/ice covers show seasonal and inter-seasonal dynamics, thus requiring more frequent observations. Our results confirm and realize the potential of moonlight remote sensing for continuous monitoring of snow\/ice in the Arctic region and together with other types of remote sensing data, moonlight remote sensing will be a very useful tool for polar studies and climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T01:59:10Z","timestamp":1677463150000},"page":"1255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Monitoring the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Arctic Winter Snow\/Ice with Moonlight Remote Sensing: Systematic Evaluation in Svalbard"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7510-5646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Microsatellite Constellation, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}]},{"given":"Yanyun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Microsatellite Constellation, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Zhipan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Microsatellite Constellation, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}]},{"given":"Zewen","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Microsatellite Constellation, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}]},{"given":"Qingling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Microsatellite Constellation, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn6697","article-title":"From white to green: Snow cover loss and increased vegetation productivity in the European Alps","volume":"376","author":"Rumpf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04141","article-title":"Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions","volume":"438","author":"Barnett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1993)074<1689:GSCMAU>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Global Snow Cover Monitoring: An Update","volume":"74","author":"Robinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull. 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