{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T11:26:51Z","timestamp":1764588411731,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]],"date-time":"2023-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indian Antarctic Program under the annual Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (ISEA)"},{"name":"BAS Biodiversity, Evolution and Adaptation Team and the BAS Mapping and Geographic Information Centre"},{"name":"Eurac funding through MASSIVE project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mapping spatiotemporal changes in the distribution of blue ice regions (BIRs) in Antarctica requires repeated, precise, and high-resolution baseline maps of the blue ice extent. This study demonstrated the design and application of a newly-developed semi-automatic method to map BIRs in the Antarctic environment using very high-resolution (VHR) WorldView-2 (WV-2) satellite images. We discussed the potential of VHR satellite data for the mapping of BIRs in the Antarctic environment using a customized normalized-difference blue-ice index (NDBI) method devised using yellow, green, and near-infrared spectral bands of WV-2 data. We compared the viability of the newly developed customized NDBI approach against state-of-the-art target detection (TD), spectral processing (SP) and pixel-wise supervised (PSC) feature extraction (FE) approaches. Four semi-automatic FE approaches (three existing plus one newly developed) consisting of 16 standalone FE methods (12 existing + four customized) were evaluated using an extensive quantitative and comparative assessment for mapping BIRs in the vicinity of Schirmacher Oasis, on the continental Antarctic coastline. The results suggested that the customized NDBI approach gave a superior performance and the highest statistical stability when compared with existing FE techniques. The customized NDBI generally rendered the lowest level of misclassification (average RMSE = 654.48 \u00b1 58.26 m2), followed by TD (average RMSE = 987.81 \u00b1 55.05 m2), SP (average RMSE = 1327.09 \u00b1 127.83 m2) and PSC (average RMSE = 2259.43 \u00b1 115.36 m2) for mapping BIRs. Our results indicated that the use of the customized NDBI approach can greatly improve the semi-automatic mapping of BIRs in the Antarctic environment. This study presents the first refined map of distribution of BIRs around the Schirmacher Oasis. The total area of blue ice in the study area was estimated to be 106.875 km2, approximately 61% of the study area. The WV-2 derived BIR map area presented in this study locally refined the existing BIR map derived using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) dataset by ~31% (~33.40 km2). Finally, we discussed the practical challenges and future directions in mapping BIRs across Antarctica.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T01:59:10Z","timestamp":1677463150000},"page":"1287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploratory Mapping of Blue Ice Regions in Antarctica Using Very High-Resolution Satellite Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0648-3109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shridhar D.","family":"Jawak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS), SIOS Knowledge Centre, Svalbard Science Centre, P.O. Box 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway"},{"name":"Polar Remote Sensing Section, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama 403804, Goa, India"}]},{"given":"Alvarinho J.","family":"Luis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polar Remote Sensing Section, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama 403804, Goa, India"}]},{"given":"Prashant H.","family":"Pandit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Earth Observation, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7991-2920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sagar F.","family":"Wankhede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8497-9903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Convey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Peter T.","family":"Fretwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1029\/1999RG900007","article-title":"On the glaciological, meteorological, and climatological significance of Antarctic blue ice areas","volume":"37","author":"Bintanja","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3189\/172756501781832386","article-title":"Blue-ice areas in Antarctica derived from NOAA AVHRR satellite data","volume":"47","author":"Winther","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Schytt, V. (1961). 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