{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T04:39:01Z","timestamp":1768883941679,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U2142210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2142210"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>X-band dual-polarization phased-array weather radars (X-PARs) have been used in South China extensively. Eliminating the attenuation and system bias of X-band radar data is the key to utilizing the advantage of X-PAR networks. In this paper, the disdrometer raindrop-size distribution (DSD) measurements are used to calculate the radar polarimetric variables and analyze the characteristics of precipitation attenuation. Furthermore, based on the network of S-band dual-polarization Doppler weather radar (S-POL) and X-PARs, an attenuation-correction method for X-PAR reflectivity is proposed with S-POL constraints in view of the radar-mosaic requirements of a multi-radar network. Linear programming is used to calculate the attenuation-correction parameters of different rainfall areas, which realizes the attenuation correction for X-PAR. The results show that the attenuation-correction parameters simulated based on the disdrometer DSD vary with different precipitation classification; the attenuation-corrected reflectivity of X-PARs is consistent with S-POL and can realize a more precise observation of the evolution of the convective system. Compared with previous attenuation-correction methods with constant correction parameters, the improved method can reduce the deviation between X-PAR reflectivity and that of S-POL in heavy rainfall areas and areas of strong attenuation. The method proposed in this paper is stable and effective. After effective quality control, it is found that the X-PAR network deployed in South China observes data accurately and is consistent with S-POL; thus, it is expected to achieve high temporal\u2013spatial resolution within a radar mosaic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:02:32Z","timestamp":1678071752000},"page":"1333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Study on Attenuation Correction for the Reflectivity of X-Band Dual-Polarization Phased-Array Weather Radar Based on a Network with S-Band Weather Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-17-0078.1","article-title":"Advances in Chinese dual-polarization and phased-array weather radars: Observational analysis of a supercell in southern China","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, G., Huang, H., Yu, Y., Zhao, K., Yang, Z., Chen, G., and Zhang, Y. (2023). Study on the quantitative precipitation estimation of X-band dual-polarization phased array radar from specific differential phase. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020359"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1990)007<0829:AEOPEI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An examination of propagation effects in rainfall on radar measurements at microwave frequencies","volume":"7","author":"Bringi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2000)017<0332:TRPAAT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The rain profiling algorithm applied to polarimetric weather radar","volume":"17","author":"Testud","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1318.1","article-title":"Evaluating polarimetric X-band radar rainfall estimators during HMT","volume":"27","author":"Matrosov","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1803.1","article-title":"Correction of radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity for rain attenuation at X band. Part I: Theoretical and empirical basis","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1804.1","article-title":"Correction of radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity for rain attenuation at x band. Part II: Evaluation and application","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2002)041<0941:XBPRMO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"X-band polarimetric radar measurements of rainfall","volume":"41","author":"Matrosov","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1109\/36.951081","article-title":"Correcting c-band radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity data for rain attenuation: A self-consistent method with constraints","volume":"39","author":"Bringi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geosci. Remote Sens. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2008.03.001","article-title":"Correction of X-band radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity for rain attenuation using differential phase","volume":"90","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JTECHA1407.1","article-title":"Retrieval of three-dimensional raindrop size distribution using x-band polarimetric radar data","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1950.1","article-title":"Correction of x-band radar observation for propagation effects based on the self-consistency principle","volume":"23","author":"Gorgucci","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2258.1","article-title":"Polarimetric attenuation correction in heavy rain at C band","volume":"50","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/36.481887","article-title":"Self-consistency of polarization diversity measurement of rainfall","volume":"34","author":"Scarchilli","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JTECHA1008.1","article-title":"Retrieval of Reflectivity in a Networked Radar Environment","volume":"25","author":"Chandrasekar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, S., Chandrasekar, V., and Wang, Y. (2010, January 25\u201330). A network based attenuation correction system for networked dual polarization radar observations. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2010.5651032"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Cruz-Pol, S., Mora, K., and Leon, L. (2013, January 1). Implementation and development of an attenuation correction algorithm for off-the-grid x-band radar network. Proceedings of the 93rd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, San Juan, PR, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-15-0091.1","article-title":"A simple method for attenuation correction in local x-band radar measurements using c-band radar data","volume":"33","author":"Lengfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Wu, C., Liu, L., Liu, X., and Chen, C. (2020). Integrated correction algorithm for x band dual-polarization radar reflectivity based on cinrad\/sa radar. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11010119"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-016-5235-7","article-title":"Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in the Tibetan Plateau and southern China","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00163.1","article-title":"Comparison of raindrop size distribution measurements by collocated disdrometers","volume":"30","author":"Tokay","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JHM1244.1","article-title":"Experimental quantification of the sampling uncertainty associated with measurements from parsivel disdrometers","volume":"12","author":"Jaffrain","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709640807","article-title":"A wind tunnel investigation of the internal circulation and shape of water drop falling at terminal velocity in air","volume":"96","author":"Pruppacher","year":"1970","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.14.002864","article-title":"Scattering of electromagnetic waves by arbitrarily shaped dielectric bodies","volume":"14","author":"Barber","year":"1975","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"58","article-title":"Errors inherent in the radar measurement of rainfall at attenuating wavelengths","volume":"11","author":"Hitschfeld","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<0766:PFMRUP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Prospects for measuring rainfall using propagation differential phase in x- and ka-radar bands","volume":"38","author":"Matrosov","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2000)039<1405:CPEICB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Correcting propagation effects in c-band polarimetric radar observations of tropical convection using differential propagation phase","volume":"39","author":"Carey","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00147.1","article-title":"An application of linear programming to polarimetric radar differential phase processing","volume":"30","author":"Giangrande","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1909.1","article-title":"Simulation of x-band rainfall observations from s-band radar data","volume":"23","author":"Chandrasekar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/5\/1333\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:44:08Z","timestamp":1760121848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/5\/1333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15051333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15051333","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]}}}