{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:56:23Z","timestamp":1760147783582,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"]}]},{"name":"Joint Heilongjiang Province R&amp;D and Northeast Forestry University Chengdong Leadership Program","award":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"]}]},{"name":"Autonomous Province of Bozen\/Bolzano\u2014Department for Innovation, Research and University","award":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of NSFC Joint Foundation with Heilongjiang Province for Regional Development","award":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"]}]},{"name":"NSFC Program","award":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Joint Chengdong Leadership and R&amp;D Program of Heilongjiang Province and Northeast Forestry University","award":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"]}]},{"name":"Raul-David Serban received funding from the Autonomous Province of Bozen\/Bolzano\u2014Department","award":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2082","42101119","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003","U20A2082","42101119","41871052","LJ2020-01","2572021DT08","2572022AW53","D55F20002520003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As one of the best indicators of the periglacial environment, ice-wedge polygons (IWPs) are important for arctic landscapes, hydrology, engineering, and ecosystems. Thus, a better understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics and evolution of IWPs is key to evaluating the hydrothermal state and carbon budgets of the arctic permafrost environment. In this paper, the dynamics of ground surface deformation (GSD) in IWP zones (2018\u20132019) and their influencing factors over the last 20 years in Saskylakh, northwestern Yakutia, Russia were investigated using the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Google Earth Engine (GEE). The results show an annual ground surface deformation rate (AGSDR) in Saskylakh at \u221249.73 to 45.97 mm\/a during the period from 1 June 2018 to 3 May 2019. All the selected GSD regions indicate that the relationship between GSD and land surface temperature (LST) is positive (upheaving) for regions with larger AGSDR, and negative (subsidence) for regions with lower AGSDR. The most drastic deformation was observed at the Aeroport regions with GSDs rates of \u221237.06 mm\/a at tower and 35.45 mm\/a at runway. The GSDs are negatively correlated with the LST of most low-centered polygons (LCPs) and high-centered polygons (HCPs). Specifically, the higher the vegetation cover, the higher the LST and the thicker the active layer. An evident permafrost degradation has been observed in Saskylakh as reflected in higher ground temperatures, lusher vegetation, greater active layer thickness, and fluctuant numbers and areal extents of thermokarst lakes and ponds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T01:39:21Z","timestamp":1677721161000},"page":"1335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Monitoring Ground Surface Deformation of Ice-Wedge Polygon Areas in Saskylakh, NW Yakutia, Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Google Earth Engine (GEE)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5884-7421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Permafrost Institute, and School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8402-7897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huijun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Permafrost Institute, and School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7330-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ze","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Permafrost Institute, and School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikhail N.","family":"Zhelezniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 677010 Yakutsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7791-0972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentin V.","family":"Spektor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 677010 Yakutsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2924-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul-David","family":"\u0218erban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Tumskoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 677010 Yakutsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Permafrost Institute, and School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suiqiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Permafrost Institute, and School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengrong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Permafrost Institute, and School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Permafrost Institute, and School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"\u0218erban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Geomorphology and Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Department of Geography, West University of Timisoara, 300223 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7965-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingbai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2010.04.004","article-title":"Sedimentary characteristics and origin of the Late Pleistocene ice complex on north-east Siberian Arctic coastal lowlands and islands\u2014A review","volume":"241","author":"Schirrmeister","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2011.06.016","article-title":"Short-term dynamics of a low-centred ice-wedge polygon near Chokurdakh (NE Yakutia, NE Siberia) and climate change during the last ca 1250 years","volume":"30","author":"Klerk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05040","article-title":"Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming","volume":"443","author":"Walter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1641\/B580807","article-title":"Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change: Implications for the global carbon cycle","volume":"58","author":"Schuur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Isaev, A.P., Protopopov, A.V., Protopopova, V.V., Gorova, A.A., Timofeyev, P.A., Nikolaev, A.N., Shurduk, I.F., Lytkina, L.P., Ermakov, N.B., and Nikitina, N.V. (2010). The Far North: Plant Biodiversity and Ecology of Yakutia, Springer."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Kuznetsova, L.V., Zakharova, V.I., Sosina, N.K., Nikolin, E.G., Ivanova, E.I., Sofronova, E.V., Poryadina, L.N., Mikhalyova, L.G., Vasilyeva, I.I., and Remigailo, P.A. (2010). The Far North: Plant Biodiversity and Ecology of Yakutia, Springer."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Naumov, Y.M. (2004). Cryosols: Permafrost-Affected Soils, Springer."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.1985","article-title":"Ice-wedge polygon dynamics in Svalbard: Lessons from a decade of automated multi-sensor monitoring","volume":"29","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Distribution of Late Pleistocene ice-rich syngenetic permafrost of the Yedoma Suite in east and central Siberia, Russia","volume":"1078","author":"Grosse","year":"2013","journal-title":"US Geol. Surv. Open File Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"542","article-title":"Yedoma: Late Pleistocene ice-rich syngenetic permafrost of Beringia","volume":"2","author":"Schirrmeister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Encycl. Earth Sci. Ser."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024960","article-title":"Abrupt increase in permafrost degradation in Arctic Alaska","volume":"33","author":"Jorgenson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12500","article-title":"Cumulative geoecological effects of 62 years of infrastructure and climate change in ice-rich permafrost landscapes, Prudhoe Bay Oilfield, Alaska","volume":"20","author":"Raynolds","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2674","article-title":"Pan-Arctic ice-wedge degradation in warming permafrost and its influence on tundra hydrology","volume":"9","author":"Liljedahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6681","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082187","article-title":"Climate change drives widespread and rapid thermokarst development in very cold permafrost in the Canadian High Arctic","volume":"46","author":"Farquharson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.1880","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation in high-centre polygons and ice-wedge melt ponds, Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, Northwest Territories","volume":"28","author":"Steedman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Witharana, C., Liljedahl, A., and Kanevskiy, M. (2018). Deep convolutional neural networks for automated characterization of Arctic ice-wedge polygons in very high spatial resolution aerial imagery. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091487"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0423-9","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of spatial heterogeneity in ice wedge polygon geomorphology near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","volume":"7","author":"Abolt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhuiyan, M.A.E., Witharana, C., and Liljedahl, A.K. (2020). Use of very high spatial resolution commercial satellite imagery and deep learning to automatically map ice-wedge polygons across tundra vegetation types. J. Imaging, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging6120137"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rettelbach, T., Langer, M., Nitze, I., Jones, B., Helm, V., Freytag, J.C., and Grosse, G. (2021). A quantitative graph-based approach to monitoring ice-wedge trough dynamics in polygonal permafrost landscapes. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163098"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wainwright, H.M., Oktem, R., Dafflo, B., Dengel, S., Curtis, J.B., Torn, M.S., Cherry, J., and Hubbard, S.S. (2021). High-resolution spatio-temporal estimation of net ecosystem exchange in ice-wedge polygon tundra using in situ sensors and remote sensing data. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10070722"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-1957-2018","article-title":"Microtopographic control on the ground thermal regime in ice wedge polygons","volume":"12","author":"Abolt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zlotnik, V.A., Harp, D.R., Jafarov, E.E., and Abolt, C.J. (2020). A model of ice wedge polygon drainage in changing Arctic terrain. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12123376"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JF004343","article-title":"Detection of ice wedge cracking in permafrost using miniature accelerometers","volume":"123","author":"Christiansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrf.20086","article-title":"Field observations of syngenetic ice wedge polygons, outer Mackenzie Delta, western Arctic coast, Canada","volume":"118","author":"Morse","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1139\/as-2021-0024","article-title":"The shifting mosaic of ice-wedge degradation and stabilization in response to infrastructure and climate change, Prudhoe Bay Oilfield, Alaska, USA","volume":"8","author":"Kanevskiy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arct. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.1920","article-title":"Progress in understanding the dynamics, internal structure and palaeoenvironmental potential of ice wedges and sand wedges","volume":"27","author":"Christiansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedorov, A.N., Konstantinov, P.Y., Vasiliev, N.F., Basharin, N.I., Shepelev, A.G., Andreeva, V.A., Semenov, V.P., Torgovkin, Y.I., Desyatkin, A.R., and Zheleznyak, M.N. (2022). Ice Volumes in Permafrost Landscapes of Arctic Yakutia. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11122329"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.04.023","article-title":"Northern Hemisphere permafrost map based on TTOP modelling for 2000\u20132016 at 1 km2 scale","volume":"193","author":"Obu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-5229-2","article-title":"Recent changes in the active layer thickness across the northern hemisphere","volume":"75","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2375.1","article-title":"Comprehensive automated quality assurance of daily surface observations","volume":"49","author":"Durre","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-11-00103.1","article-title":"An overview of the global historical climatology network-daily database","volume":"29","author":"Menne","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1134\/S1875372818020087","article-title":"Current trends in climate change in Yakutia","volume":"39","author":"Gorokhov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geogr. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Persits, F.M., and Ulmishek, G.F. (2003). U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-470, U.S. Geological Survey."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1956)67[823:COPGAR]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Classification of patterned ground and review of suggested origins","volume":"67","author":"Washburn","year":"1956","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic3563","article-title":"Arctic soil classification and patterned ground","volume":"15","author":"Drew","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"41","article-title":"Thermally induced movements in ice-wedge polygons, western Arctic coast: A long-term study","volume":"54","author":"MacKay","year":"2002","journal-title":"G\u00e9ogr. Phys. Quat."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.873853","article-title":"TOPSAR: Terrain observation by progressive scans","volume":"44","author":"De","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2010.2047242","article-title":"Flexible dynamic block adaptive quantization for Sentinel-1 SAR missions","volume":"7","author":"Attema","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.1765","article-title":"CryoGRID 1.0: Permafrost distribution in Norway estimated by a spatial numerical model","volume":"24","author":"Farbrot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Obu, J., Westermann, S., Barboux, C., Bartsch, A., Delaloye, R., Grosse, G., Heim, B., Hugelius, G., Irrgang, A., and K\u00e4\u00e4b, A.M. (2021). ESA Permafrost Climate Change Initiative (permafrost_cci): Permafrost Active Layer Thickness for the Northern Hemisphere, v3.0, Environmental Data Service (EDS) Centre for Environmental Data Service, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Wallingford, Hosted by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01364-z","article-title":"Multi-year, three-dimensional landslide surface deformation from repeat LiDAR and response to precipitation: Mill Gulch earthflow, California","volume":"17","author":"Booth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Provost, F., Malet, J.P., Michea, D., Doin, M.P., Lacroix, P., Boissier, E., Pointal, E., and Bally, P. (2021, January 11\u201316). Terrain deformation measurements from optical satellite imagery: On-line processing services for geohazards monitoring. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS, Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS47720.2021.9554987"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111965","article-title":"Sentinel-1 InSAR measurements of deformation over discontinuous permafrost terrain, Northern Quebec, Canada","volume":"248","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1515\/geo-2020-0128","article-title":"Analysis of surface deformation and driving forces in Lanzhou","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Geosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.11.004","article-title":"TS-InSAR analysis for monitoring ground deformation in Lanzhou New District, the Loess Plateau of China, from 2017 to 2019","volume":"67","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.12.007","article-title":"Detecting subcanopy invasive plant species in tropical rainforest by integrating optical and microwave (InSAR\/PolInSAR) remote sensing data, and a decision tree algorithm","volume":"88","author":"Ghulam","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.09.008","article-title":"Active movement of the cascade landslide complex in Washington from a coherence-based InSAR time series method","volume":"186","author":"Tong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanssen, R.F. (2001). Radar Interferometry: Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47633-9"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(97)00104-1","article-title":"On the relation between NDVI, fractional vegetation cover, and leaf area index","volume":"62","author":"Carlson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-021-1204-x","article-title":"Vegetation phenology in permafrost regions of northeastern China based on MODIS and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"31","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","article-title":"Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"36","article-title":"Study of fluctuations in surface area of Lake Haramaya using NDWI and MNDWI methods","volume":"5","author":"Riyaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geospat. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7042","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1752954","article-title":"Mapping thermokarst lakes and ponds across permafrost landscapes in the Headwater Area of Yellow River on northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"41","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"73","article-title":"ESA DUE Permafrost: An Earth observation (EO) permafrost monitoring system","volume":"10","author":"Heim","year":"2011","journal-title":"EARSeL eProc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-6-51-2012","article-title":"Comparison of MODIS-derived land surface temperatures with ground surface and air temperature measurements in continuous permafrost terrain","volume":"6","author":"Hachem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ermida, S.L., Soares, P., Mantas, V., G\u00f6ttsche, F.M., and Trigo, I.F. (2020). Google Earth Engine open-source code for land surface temperature estimation from the Landsat series. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091471"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JF003599","article-title":"Remote sensing measurements of thermokarst subsidence using InSAR","volume":"120","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-799-2016","article-title":"Growth of a young pingo in the Canadian Arctic observed by RADARSAT-2 interferometric satellite radar","volume":"10","author":"Samsonov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112007","article-title":"Active layer freeze-thaw and water storage dynamics in permafrost environments inferred from InSAR","volume":"248","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.2123","article-title":"Distribution, morphometry, and ice content of ice-wedge polygons in Tombstone Territorial Park, central Yukon, Canada","volume":"32","author":"Frappier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1858","article-title":"Shifts in Arctic vegetation and associated feedbacks under climate change","volume":"3","author":"Pearson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20692-8","article-title":"Reduced arctic tundra productivity linked with landform and climate change interactions","volume":"8","author":"Lara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"102455","article-title":"Modeling and mapping permafrost active layer thickness using field measurements and remote sensing techniques","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07557-4","article-title":"Degrading permafrost puts Arctic infrastructure at risk by mid-century","volume":"9","author":"Hjort","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2010.12.010","article-title":"Land use and land cover change in Arctic Russia: Ecological and social implications of industrial development","volume":"21","author":"Kumpula","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JF005173","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JF005173","article-title":"Impacts of degrading ice-wedges on ground temperatures in a high Arctic polar desert system","volume":"125","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.2127","article-title":"Shrinking thermokarst lakes and ponds on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau over the past three decades","volume":"32","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106497","article-title":"Abrupt increase in thermokarst lakes on the central Tibetan Plateau over the last 50 years","volume":"217","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veremeeva, A., Nitze, I., G\u00fcnther, F., Grosse, G., and Rivkina, E. (2021). Geomorphological and climatic drivers of thermokarst lake area increase trend (1999\u20132018) in the Kolyma Lowland yedoma region, North-Eastern Siberia. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020178"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JF003602","article-title":"Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization","volume":"120","author":"Jorgenson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JG001507","article-title":"Vulnerability of high-latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance","volume":"116","author":"Grosse","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"3867","article-title":"Measuring and modeling the dielectric constant of soil during freezing and thawing processes: An application on silty clay","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-16-2837-2022","article-title":"Contrasted geomorphological and limnological properties of thermokarst lakes formed in buried glacier ice and ice-wedge polygon terrain","volume":"16","author":"Coulombe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750298","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2021.750298","article-title":"Thermokarst landscape development detected by multiple-geospatial data in Churapcha, Eastern Siberia","volume":"9","author":"Iijima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.2113","article-title":"Long-term field measurements of climate-induced thaw subsidence above ice wedges on hillslopes, western Arctic Canada","volume":"32","author":"Burn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.10.016","article-title":"RADARSAT-2 D-InSAR for ground displacement in permafrost terrain, validation from Iqaluit Airport, Baffin Island, Canada","volume":"141","author":"Short","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/5\/1335\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:44:08Z","timestamp":1760121848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/5\/1335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15051335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15051335","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]}}}