{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:49:06Z","timestamp":1773384546958,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42274023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YESS20210184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YESS20210184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["42274023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274023"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["YESS20210184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YESS20210184"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is an official service of the BeiDou Global Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) through the PPP-B2b signal. In this paper, we mainly focus on the long-term performance evaluation of BDS-3 PPP-B2b products and their application in time service. Since the PPP-B2b product is only available in and around China area, the arcs of PPP-B2b products are about several hours. We propose to evaluate the time datum stability by using all available satellites. Then, 557 day PPP-B2b products are collected for this experiment. The results show that there are large jumps in the GPS satellite clock time datum series. However, the BDS-3 satellite clock datum stability is almost at the same level with current Space State Representation (SSR) corrections from the International Global navigation satellite system Service (IGS). The difference between PPP-B2b GPS and BDS-3 satellite clock time datum will be absorbed into the Inter System Bias (ISB) parameter. Thus, it should be specially noted that the ISB parameter cannot be estimated as constant values if users use PPP-B2b products. In addition, the accuracy of the BDS-3 satellite clock is significantly better than that of the GPS for both the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and standard deviation (STD). The average Signal in Space Range Errors (SISREs) is 0.22 ns and 0.13 ns for GPS and BDS-3, respectively. The one-way timing experiment shows BDS-3 timing stability is 2.9 \u00d7 10\u221214@104 s. In addition, 10 baselines from 13 km to 4494 km are formed for time synchronization evaluation by using PPP-B2b products. The average RMSEs of time synchronization is from 0.46 ns to 1.58 ns and from 0.66 ns to 1.19 ns for GPS and BDS-3, respectively. As for STD, the average values are from 0.27 ns to 0.74 ns and from 0.27 ns to 0.47 ns for GPS and BDS-3, respectively. Overall, the results show that the time datum stability, accuracy, and service performance of BDS-3 PPP-B2b products has been stable over the past two years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T06:55:16Z","timestamp":1677567316000},"page":"1358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Long-Term Performance Evaluation of BeiDou PPP-B2b Products and Its Application in Time Service"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qianqian","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 15th Research Institute, No. 211 Beisihuan Middle Road, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunications Technology (BITTT), 26 Beiqing Road, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 15th Research Institute, No. 211 Beisihuan Middle Road, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Daiyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 15th Research Institute, No. 211 Beisihuan Middle Road, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9042-2500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 129, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2675-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yidong","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 129, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 15th Research Institute, No. 211 Beisihuan Middle Road, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.01.011","article-title":"The Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) of the International GNSS Service (IGS)\u2013achievements, prospects and challenges","volume":"59","author":"Montenbruck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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