{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:10:47Z","timestamp":1767337847617,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88882.378441\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.378441\/2019-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Responsible for food production and industry inputs, agriculture needs to adapt to worldwide increasing demands and environmental requirements. In this scenario, black oat has gained environmental and economic importance since it can be used in no-tillage systems, green manure, or animal feed supplementation. Despite its importance, few studies have been conducted to introduce more accurate and technological applications. Plant height (H) correlates with biomass production, which is related to yield. Similarly, productivity status can be estimated from vegetation indices (VIs). The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for imaging enables greater spatial and temporal resolutions from which to derive information such as H and VI. However, faster and more accurate methodologies are necessary for the application of this technology. This study intended to obtain high-quality digital surface models (DSMs) and orthoimages from UAV-based RGB images via a direct-to-process means; that is, without the use of ground control points or image pre-processing. DSMs and orthoimages were used to derive H (HDSM) and VIs (VIRGB), which were used for H and dry biomass (DB) modeling. Results showed that HDSM presented a strong correlation with actual plant height (HREF) (R2 = 0.85). Modeling biomass based on HDSM demonstrated better performance for data collected up until and including the grain filling (R2 = 0.84) and flowering (R2 = 0.82) stages. Biomass modeling based on VIRGB performed better for data collected up until and including the booting stage (R2 = 0.80). The best results for biomass estimation were obtained by combining HDSM and VIRGB, with data collected up until and including the grain filling stage (R2 = 0.86). Therefore, the presented methodology has permitted the generation of trustworthy models for estimating the H and DB of black oats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T01:36:09Z","timestamp":1677634569000},"page":"1363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Estimating Black Oat Biomass Using Digital Surface Models and a Vegetation Index Derived from RGB-Based Aerial Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2199-5708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Renato","family":"Trevisan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, 11 P\u00e1dua Dias Avenue, S\u00e3o Paulo 13418-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8158-4946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisiane","family":"Brichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, 11 P\u00e1dua Dias Avenue, S\u00e3o Paulo 13418-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Tamara Maria","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, 11 P\u00e1dua Dias Avenue, S\u00e3o Paulo 13418-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Food Engineering and Animal Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias Avenue, S\u00e3o Paulo 13635-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0382-1093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabr\u00edcio","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, 11 P\u00e1dua Dias Avenue, S\u00e3o Paulo 13418-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Food Engineering and Animal Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias Avenue, S\u00e3o Paulo 13635-900, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782002000100009","article-title":"Produ\u00e7\u00e3o E Decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o De Fitomassa De Plantas Invernais De Cobertura De Solo E Milho, Sob Diferentes Manejos Da Aduba\u00e7\u00e3o Nitrogenada","volume":"32","author":"Ceretta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782000000600005","article-title":"Preparo Convencional E Cultivo M\u00ednimo Do Solo Na Cultura De Mandioca Em Condi\u00e7\u00f5es De Aduba\u00e7\u00e3o Verde Com Ervilhaca E Differences Between Convencional and Minimum Tillage Soil Preparation","volume":"30","author":"Gabriel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-737X2011000400006","article-title":"Produtividade e composi\u00e7\u00e3o estrutural de aveia e azev\u00e9m submetidos a \u00e9pocas de corte e aduba\u00e7\u00e3o nitrogenada","volume":"58","author":"Cassol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. 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