{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T23:47:18Z","timestamp":1767916038259,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42201381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OFSLRSS202209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFSLRSS202209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["X21019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X21019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFE0117500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0117500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"open fund of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","award":["42201381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201381"]}]},{"name":"open fund of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","award":["OFSLRSS202209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFSLRSS202209"]}]},{"name":"open fund of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","award":["X21019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X21019"]}]},{"name":"open fund of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","award":["2021YFE0117500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0117500"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","award":["42201381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201381"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","award":["OFSLRSS202209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFSLRSS202209"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","award":["X21019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X21019"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","award":["2021YFE0117500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0117500"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42201381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201381"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["OFSLRSS202209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFSLRSS202209"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["X21019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X21019"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFE0117500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0117500"]}]},{"name":"2020 China-CEEC Joint Education Project of Institutions of Higher Education Project \u201cEcological Environment Monitoring to Urban Areas along China-Europe Railway based on Remote Sensing and Artificial Intelligence\u201d","award":["42201381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201381"]}]},{"name":"2020 China-CEEC Joint Education Project of Institutions of Higher Education Project \u201cEcological Environment Monitoring to Urban Areas along China-Europe Railway based on Remote Sensing and Artificial Intelligence\u201d","award":["OFSLRSS202209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFSLRSS202209"]}]},{"name":"2020 China-CEEC Joint Education Project of Institutions of Higher Education Project \u201cEcological Environment Monitoring to Urban Areas along China-Europe Railway based on Remote Sensing and Artificial Intelligence\u201d","award":["X21019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X21019"]}]},{"name":"2020 China-CEEC Joint Education Project of Institutions of Higher Education Project \u201cEcological Environment Monitoring to Urban Areas along China-Europe Railway based on Remote Sensing and Artificial Intelligence\u201d","award":["2021YFE0117500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0117500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite observations have revealed strong land surface \u201cgreening\u201d (i.e., increases in vegetation greenness or leaf area index (LAI)) in the Northern Hemisphere over the past few decades. European terrestrial ecosystems are a greening hotspot, but how they respond to land surface greening, climate change, CO2 fertilization, land use and land cover change (LULCC) and other factors is unclear. Here, we assessed how these interacting factors might be combined to alter terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) throughout Europe during the period of 2001 to 2016 using a process-based Farquhar GPP model (i.e., FGM). We found a more productive European terrestrial ecosystem and most of the GPP enhancement in Europe was explained by increases in LAI (62%) and atmospheric CO2 concentration (29%). Spatially, the spatial signature of the LAI and GPP trends both suggested widespread (72\u201373% of the vegetated area) greening phenomena across Europe, among which 23.7% and 13.3% were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). The interannual trend of GPP estimated by the FGM (0.55% yr\u22121) was reasonable compared with other GPP products (0.47% yr\u22121 to 0.92% yr\u22121) and the observed LAI increasing rate (0.62% yr\u22121). FGM factorial simulations suggested that land surface greening (+35.5 Pg C yr\u22122, p &lt; 0.01), CO2 fertilization (+16.9 Pg C yr\u22122, p &lt; 0.01), temperature warming (+3.7 Pg C yr\u22122, p &lt; 0.05), and enhanced downwards solar radiation (+1.2 Pg C yr\u22122, p &gt; 0.05) contributed to the GPP enhancement, while the enhanced vapour pressure deficit (\u22125.6 Tg C yr\u22122, p &lt; 0.01) had significant negative impacts on GPP, especially in 2006 and 2012, when extreme droughts struck south-eastern Europe. Meanwhile, approximately 1.8% of the total area of Europe experienced LULCC from 2001 to 2016 and LULCC exerted a small but significant (\u22121.3 Tg C yr\u22122, p &lt; 0.01) impact on GPP due to decreases in the total number of vegetated pixels (\u2212159 pixels yr\u22121). Although the LULCC effect was negative, the largest increase occurred in forested land (+0.9% of total area). In addition, the increasing trends for the annual mean LAI (0.01 m2 m\u22122 yr\u22121, p &lt; 0.001) and total GPP (22.2 Tg C yr\u22122, p &lt; 0.001) of forests were more significant and higher than those of other vegetation types, suggesting that European forests may continue to play important roles in combating climate change in the future with long-lasting carbon storage potential. These results provide the first systematic quantitative analysis of the driving force of enhanced gross carbon assimilation by European ecosystems by considering variations in leaf physiological traits with environmental adaptations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T01:36:09Z","timestamp":1677634569000},"page":"1372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Land Surface Greening and CO2 Fertilization More than Offset the Gross Carbon Sequestration Decline Caused by Land Cover Change and the Enhanced Vapour Pressure Deficit in Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5425-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiaoli","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute-Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China"}]},{"given":"Xinyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China"}]},{"given":"Shaoyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2929-4255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute-Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v12i2.9366","article-title":"The concentration and isotopic abundances of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere","volume":"12","author":"Keeling","year":"1960","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"IPCC (2018). 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