{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T08:42:57Z","timestamp":1775205777459,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT)","award":["CVU 678957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVU 678957"]}]},{"name":"Federal Department of Energy (SENER) through its funding \u201cCONACYT-SENER Sustentabilidad Energ\u00e9tica\u201d","award":["CVU 678957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVU 678957"]}]},{"name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)","award":["CVU 678957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVU 678957"]}]},{"name":"Technical University of Munich (TUM)","award":["CVU 678957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVU 678957"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modeling inland water quality by remote sensing has already demonstrated its capacity to make accurate predictions. However, limitations still exist for applicability in diverse regions, as well as to retrieve non-optically active parameters (nOAC). Models are usually trained only with water samples from individual or local groups of waterbodies, which limits their capacity and accuracy in predicting parameters across diverse regions. This study aims to increase data availability to understand the performance of models trained with heterogeneous databases from both remote sensing and field measurement sources to improve machine learning training. This paper seeks to build a dataset with worldwide lake characteristics using data from water monitoring programs around the world paired with harmonized data of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2. Additional feature engineering is also examined. The dataset is then used for model training and prediction of water quality at the global scale, time series analysis and water quality maps for lakes in different continents. Additionally, the modeling performance of nOACs are also investigated. The results show that trained models achieve moderately high correlations for SDD, TURB and BOD (R2 = 0.68) but lower performances for TSM and NO3-N (R2 = 0.43). The extreme learning machine (ELM) and the random forest regression (RFR) demonstrate better performance. The results indicate that ML algorithms can process remote sensing data and additional features to model water quality at the global scale and contribute to address the limitations of transferring and retrieving nOAC. However, significant limitations need to be considered, such as calibrated harmonization of water data and atmospheric correction procedures. Moreover, further understanding of the mechanisms that facilitate nOAC prediction is necessary. We highlight the need for international contributions to global water quality datasets capable of providing extensive water data for the improvement of global water monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T01:39:21Z","timestamp":1677721161000},"page":"1390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Global Water Quality of Inland Waters with Harmonized Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 Using Cloud-Computed Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8151-8631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo F.","family":"Arias-Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and River Basin Management, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Ula\u015f Firat","family":"T\u00fcz\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and River Basin Management, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6313-0230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingshui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and River Basin Management, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6170-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Tuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and River Basin Management, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4620-575X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Disse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and River Basin Management, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNEP (2016). 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