{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:17:35Z","timestamp":1769426255144,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dragon 5 Project","award":["4000136863\/21\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000136863\/21\/I-NB"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000136863\/21\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000136863\/21\/I-NB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research and collaboration work aims at the calibration and validation (Cal\/Val) of the Chinese HY-2B satellite altimeter based upon two permanent Cal\/Val facilities: (1) the China Altimetry Calibration Cooperation Plan in Qingdao, Bohai Sea and the Wanshan islands, China and (2) the permanent facility for altimetry calibration established by the European Space Agency in Crete, Greece. The HY-2B satellite altimeter and its radiometer have been calibrated and monitored using uniform, standardized procedures, as well as protocols and best practices, and they also built upon trusted and indisputable reference standards at both Cal\/Val infrastructures in Europe and China. The HY-2B altimeter is thus monitored in a coordinated, absolute, homogeneous, long-term and worldwide manner. Calibration of altimeters is accomplished by examining satellite observations in open seas against reference measurements. Comparisons are established through precise satellite positioning, water level observations, GPS buoys and reference models (geoid, mean dynamic topography, earth tides, troposphere and ionosphere), all defined at the Cal\/Val sites. In this work, the final uncertainty for the altimeter bias will be attributed to several individual sources of uncertainty, coming from observations in water level, atmosphere, absolute positioning, reference surface models, transfer of heights from Cal\/Val sites to satellite observations, etc. Through this project, the procedures, protocols and best practices, originally developed in the course of the ESA FRM4ALT project, are updated, upgraded and followed at both Cal\/Val facilities in Europe and China. All in all, the HY-2B satellite altimeter observes the sea level quite well and within its specifications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T01:39:21Z","timestamp":1677721161000},"page":"1393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Absolute Calibration of the Chinese HY-2B Altimetric Mission with Fiducial Reference Measurement Standards"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1037-7376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stelios P.","family":"Mertikas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Lab, Technical University of Crete, Chania, GR-73100 Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5468-1591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingsen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, No.8, Dahuisi Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0148-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Piretzidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Geomatica, Chania, GR-73100 Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Costas","family":"Kokolakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Lab, Technical University of Crete, Chania, GR-73100 Crete, Greece"},{"name":"Space Geomatica, Chania, GR-73100 Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Donlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency\/European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA\/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaofei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, No.8, Dahuisi Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, No.8, Dahuisi Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9579-1217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, No.8, Dahuisi Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, No.8, Dahuisi Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xenophon","family":"Frantzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Lab, Technical University of Crete, Chania, GR-73100 Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Achilles","family":"Tripolitsiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Geomatica, Chania, GR-73100 Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6503-0505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00694-w","article-title":"Coastal sea level anomalies and associated trends from Jason satellite altimetry over 2002\u20132018","volume":"7","author":"Benveniste","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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