{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T12:32:22Z","timestamp":1775478742506,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INGV-DPC (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia\u2014Italian Civil Protection Department)","award":["OvFu 0304.010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OvFu 0304.010"]}]},{"name":"Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri\u2014Dipartimento della Protezione Civile","award":["OvFu 0304.010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OvFu 0304.010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In September 2021, the La Fossa crater at Vulcano, in Italy, entered a new phase of unrest. We discuss a set of monitoring parameters included in the INGV surveillance network, which closely tracked the sequence of effects related to the crisis. The low-frequency local seismicity sharply increased, while the GPS and tiltmeter networks recorded the inflation of the cone, as an effect of fluid expansion in the hydrothermal system. Gravity variations were probably the effects of fast processes within shallow sources. The anomalies in soil CO2 flux, fumarole temperature, and in plume SO2 flux marked the strong increase in the vapor output from crater fumaroles. The signs of the impending crisis had been evident in the chemical and isotopic composition of fumarole gases since July 2021. These geochemical anomalies were clearly indicative of the enhanced input of gases from a magmatic source. In October, the massive degassing also influenced the areas at the base of the cone. In some areas, soil CO2 degassing and the thermal aquifer recorded strong anomalies. By early November, the crisis reached its acme. Afterward, the monitored parameters started a slow and discontinuous decreasing trend although remaining, some of them, sensibly above the background for several months. The multidisciplinary approach proved decisive for the interpretation of the underlying processes acting in the different phases of the unrest, thus allowing a consistent evaluation of the multiple hazards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T03:06:43Z","timestamp":1677726403000},"page":"1405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8887-2580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Federico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ornella","family":"Cocina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8055-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Gambino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9124-5027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Paonita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Branca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7868-3946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Coltelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-6398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Italiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7803-5404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1929-5326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Caltabiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Camarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0890-7948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Capasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7713-9105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"De Gregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6729-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iole Serena","family":"Diliberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6435-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto Maria Rosario","family":"Di Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1071-3958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Falsaperla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0265-5073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5478-1912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovannella","family":"Pecoraino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9336-107X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Salerno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Sciotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Bellomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8153-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe Di","family":"Grazia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ferruccio","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1815-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Gattuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8007-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"La Pica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Mattia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Antonino Fabio","family":"Pisciotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Pruiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Sortino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2014.06.019","article-title":"Steam and Gas Emission Rate from La Soufriere Volcano, Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles): Implications for the Magmatic Supply during Degassing Unrest","volume":"384","author":"Allard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. 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