{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:57:17Z","timestamp":1760147837213,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Roman villa of Pis\u00f5es (Beja, Portugal) was part of the Lusitanian colony of Pax Iulia. This place stands out for the predominance of the water element in several structures of the villa, highlighting the balneum and the large natatio, one of the largest known in Roman Hispania. The records of the initial excavations that took place beginning in 1967 do not allow the establishment of clear functionalities of the villa. The University of \u00c9vora, the owner of the site, conceived an action plan for the requalification and enhancement of the archaeological site. One of the tasks aims to investigate the site using applied geophysics. This work analyses the landscape directly related to the villa, given that it is in the flooded area of a river with a Roman containment dam. It is uncertain whether the water supply comes from this structure or other nearby springs. The use of ground-penetrating radar, combined with unmanned aerial vehicles, all integrated in a geographic information system, allows us to determine the location of underground water connections and create a topographic model with high resolution. Considering all the information, we propose a model for water transport inside the villa and estimate the location of the water supply.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T01:35:30Z","timestamp":1678066530000},"page":"1447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Studying the Water Supply System of the Roman Villa of Pis\u00f5es (Beja, Portugal) Using Ground-Penetrating Radar and Geospatial Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4114-7570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Jorge","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Trapero Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Historia Antigua, Departamento de Historia, Geograf\u00eda y Filosof\u00eda, Universidad de C\u00e1diz, 11003 C\u00e1diz, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Hist\u00f3ria de Arte e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Art\u00edstica (CHAIA), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Hist\u00f3ria e Arqueologia, Escola de Ci\u00eancias Sociais, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4745-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bento","family":"Caldeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3847-6536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Fernando","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0824-3301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Hist\u00f3ria de Arte e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Art\u00edstica (CHAIA), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Hist\u00f3ria e Arqueologia, Escola de Ci\u00eancias Sociais, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.26754\/ojs_salduie\/sald.2010106615","article-title":"Abastecimiento de agua, saneamiento y drenaje en la villa romana de Almenara de Adraja (Valladolid)","volume":"10","author":"Merino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saldvie"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"491","article-title":"Uso y disfrute del agua en la Villa Romana de Puente de la Olmilla (Albaladejo, Ciudad Real). El aprovechamiento h\u00eddrico en el Mundo Romano","volume":"2","year":"2011","journal-title":"Espac. Tiempo Y Forma Ser. II Hist. Antig."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"123","article-title":"Hydraulic and urban management during Roman times based on GIS and remote sensing analysis (Clunia, Spain)","volume":"29","author":"Cuesta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Darqueologia Ponent"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ribeiro, F.N. (1972). A Villa Romana de Pis\u00f5es, Comiss\u00e3o Municipal de Turismo de Beja."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Gorges, J.G., and Rodr\u00edguez Mart\u00edn, F.G. (1999). \u00c9conomie et Territoire en Lusitanie Romaine, Casa de Vel\u00e1zquez."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Alarc\u00e3o, J. (1988). Roman Portugal. Introduction I, Gazetteer II \/ Fasc. 2, Coimbra e Lisboa, Aris and Phillips."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"303","article-title":"Os mausol\u00e9us da villa romana de Pis\u00f5es: A morte no mundo rural romano","volume":"16","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Port. De Arqueol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Costa, M.L.V. (1983). Contribui\u00e7\u00f5es para o estudo de alguns dos mosaicos da Villa Romana de Pis\u00f5es. Arq. De Beja 2a S\u00e9rie 2, 95\u2013122."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"247","article-title":"Transi\u00e7\u00e3o de signos: Os motivos representados num mosaico da Villa romana de Pis\u00f5es","volume":"1","author":"Fallis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Da Fac. De Ci\u00eancias Sociais Hum."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Reis, M.P. (2004). Las termas y balnea romanos de Lusitania, In Studia Lusitana; Museo Nacional de Arte Romano."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Couto, M.B.S.M. (2007). Balnevm da Villa Romana de Pis\u00f5es. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Gorges, J.G., and Rodr\u00edguez Mart\u00edn, F.G. (1999). \u00c9conomie et Territoire en Lusitanie Romaine, Casa de Vel\u00e1zquez."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Caldeira, B., and Borges, J.F. (2017). Relat\u00f3rio de Geof\u00edsica Pr\u00e9vio \u00e0 Constru\u00e7\u00e3o do Centro de Interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o e Acolhimento do S\u00edtio Arqueol\u00f3gico da Villa Romana de Pis\u00f5es, Universidade de \u00c9vora."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caldeira, B., Oliveira, R.J., Teixid\u00f3, T., Borges, J.F., Henriques, R., Carneiro, A., and Pe\u00f1a, J.A. (2019). Studying the Construction of Floor Mosaics in the Roman Villa of Pis\u00f5es (Portugal) Using Noninvasive Methods: High-Resolution 3D GPR and Photogrammetry. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11161882"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Oliveira, R.J. (2020). Prospe\u00e7\u00e3o Geof\u00edsica aplicada \u00e0 Arqueologia. [Ph.D. Thesis in Earth and Space Sciences (Geophysics), Institute of Research and Advanced Training, University of \u00c9vora]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, R.J., Caldeira, B., Teixid\u00f3, T., Borges, J.F., and Bezzeghoud, M. (2022). Geophysical data fusion of ground-penetrating radar and magnetic datasets using 2D wavelet transform and singular value decomposition. Front. Earth Sci., 2089.","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2022.1011999"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Jol, H.M. (2009). Ground Penetrating Radar, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"503","article-title":"Novos dados para o conhecimento da Villa romana de Pis\u00f5es (Beja)","volume":"2","author":"Serra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vipasca"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Viana, A. (1947). Notas Hist\u00f3ricas, Arqueol\u00f3gicas e Etnogr\u00e1ficas do Baixo Alentejo. VI\u2014Hidr\u00e1ulica Agr\u00edcola na \u00c9poca Romana, Arquivo Distrital de Beja."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"En A. Dodd y D. Van Limbergen (2023). The Handbook of Roman Wine Archaeology: New Data, Methods, and Scientific Approaches, Bloomsbury."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/5\/1447\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:47:53Z","timestamp":1760122073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/5\/1447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15051447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15051447","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]}}}