{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T06:19:09Z","timestamp":1772173149901,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2022R241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Karstic terrains are usually dominated by aquifer systems and\/or underground cavities. Overexploitation of groundwater in such areas often induces land subsidence and sometimes causes sinkholes. The Cheria basin in Algeria suffers from severe land subsidence issues, and this phenomenon has been increasing in recent years due to population expansion and uncontrolled groundwater exploitation. This work uses GPS data and persistent scatterer interferometry synthetic aperture radar (PS-InSAR) techniques to monitor the land subsidence rate by employing Sentinel-1 satellite data for the period from 2016 to 2022. Our results demonstrate that the Cheria basin experiences both uplift and subsidence in places, with an overall substantial change in the land surface. The total cumulative subsidence over 6 years reached a maximum of 500 mm. Comparison of land deformation between PSI and GPS showed root mean square error (RMSE) values of about 2.83 mm\/year, indicating that our analyzed results are satisfactorily reproducing the actual changes. Nonetheless, these results can be used to extract the susceptible zones for vertical ground displacement and evaluate the surface deformation inventory map of the region for reducing damages (e.g., human losses, economic impact, and environmental degradation) that may occur in the future (e.g., sinkholes) and can be further utilized in perspective for a sinkhole early warning system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T01:58:22Z","timestamp":1678240702000},"page":"1486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Ground Surface Deformation Analysis Integrating InSAR and GPS Data in the Karstic Terrain of Cheria Basin, Algeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0409-8389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loubna","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory of Sedimentary Environment, Mineral and Water Resources of Eastern Algeria, Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University\u2212Tebessa, T\u00e9bessa 12002, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Defaflia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory of Sedimentary Environment, Mineral and Water Resources of Eastern Algeria, Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University\u2212Tebessa, T\u00e9bessa 12002, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1041-6865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelaziz","family":"Merghadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research in Engineering Geology, Geotechnic, Water Science & Environment, Universit\u00e9 Ferhat Abbas de S\u00e9tif, S\u00e9tif 19000, Algeria"},{"name":"Water and Environment Laboratory, Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University\u2212Tebessa, T\u00e9bessa 12002, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Chamssedine","family":"Fehdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water and Environment Laboratory, Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University\u2212Tebessa, T\u00e9bessa 12002, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Ali P.","family":"Yunus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5930-199X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Badong National Observation and Research Station of Geohazards, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0468-5962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quoc Bao","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, B\u0119dzi\u0144ska Street 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9283-3947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazem Ghassan","family":"Abdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Tartous University, Tartous P.O. Box 2147, Syria"},{"name":"Geography Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Damascus University, Damascus P.O. Box 30621, Syria"},{"name":"Geography Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Tishreen University, Lattakia P.O. Box 2237, Syria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8887-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein","family":"Almohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, College of Arabic Language and Social Studies, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Motrih","family":"Al-Mutiry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, College of Arts, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2019.106715","article-title":"How Does Smallholder Farming Practice and Environmental Awareness Vary across Village Communities in the Karst Terrain of Southwest China?","volume":"288","author":"Oliver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. 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