{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T09:51:22Z","timestamp":1762249882995,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1806214","42076011","2019YFC1408405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1806214","42076011","2019YFC1408405"]}]},{"name":"National key research and development program","award":["U1806214","42076011","2019YFC1408405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1806214","42076011","2019YFC1408405"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coastal reclamation, as one of the most extreme transformations of the ocean space by humans, still lacks scientific quantitative evaluating methods to a large extent, compared with the evolution of land use patterns. A cumulative ecological impacts of reclamation (RCEI) was established in our study based on ecological influence characteristics of different reclamation types, and the attenuation effect of reclamation on adjacent areas. It was characterized by spatio-temporal features in decades. Here, we estimated that the cumulative reclamation area in the Bohai Sea from 1985 to 2018 was 5839.5 km2. Under the influence of human activity, proportions of the industrial and urban boundary, marine construction boundaries (e.g., ports, wharves, and bridges), and protective dams were increased significantly, which led to a sharp increase of the RCEI. In addition, spatio-temporal changes of reclamation were affected by the combination of population growth, economic development, urbanization, industrialization, and marine industry development in coastal cities. These results provided an important historical reference for tracking future development of the Bohai Sea by humans and provided basic data support for the development and protection of the ocean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T01:35:37Z","timestamp":1678325737000},"page":"1495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity and Cumulative Ecological Impacts of Coastal Reclamation in Coastal Waters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jingfang","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7994-7579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianqing","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3364-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honghua","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics (2022, February 02). China Statistical Yearbook (2020), Available online: http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"761","article-title":"The pattern sand driving mechanisms of reclaimed land use in China\u2019s coastal areas in recent 30 years","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientia. Sinica. Terrae."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-019-1023-5","article-title":"Evolution of Yellow River Delta Coastline Based on Remote Sensing from 1976 to 2014, China","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.03.040","article-title":"Comparing effects of land reclamation techniques on water pollution and fishery loss for a large-scale offshore airport island in Jinzhou Bay, Bohai Sea, China","volume":"71","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.112702","article-title":"Impact of ocean waves on transport of underwater spilled oil in the Bohai Sea","volume":"171","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04155-0","article-title":"Monitoring and analysis of coastal reclamation from 1995-2015 in Tianjin Binhai New Area, China","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2022, February 03). Bulletin on the State of Marine Ecology and Environment of China (2018), Available online: https:\/\/www.mee.gov.cn\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"srep05995","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05995","article-title":"Economic development and coastal ecosystem change in China","volume":"4","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2022.104095","article-title":"Response of tidal dynamics to successive land reclamation in the lingding bay over the last century","volume":"173","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4691","DOI":"10.1021\/es301286d","article-title":"Coastal projects in China: From reclamation to restoration","volume":"46","author":"Bi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2016.09.016","article-title":"The landscape change and theory of orderly reclamation sea based on coastal management in rapid industrialization area in Bohai Bay, China","volume":"133","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Liang, S., Li, X., and Wang, J. (2012). Advanced Remote Sensing, Academic Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2014.03.009","article-title":"Development and management of land reclamation in China","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-2692(00)80021-2","article-title":"The missing mud flats of the Wadden Sea: A reconstruction of sediments and accommodation space lost in the wake of land reclamation","volume":"2","author":"Mai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.12.028","article-title":"Study on the cumulative impact of reclamation activities on ecosystem health in coastal waters","volume":"103","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Hebei Provincial Bureau of Statistics (2022, February 05). Hebei Statistical Yearbook (1995\u20132018), Available online: http:\/\/tjj.gxzf.gov.cn."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics (2022, February 05). Liaoning Statistical Yearbook (1995\u20132018), Available online: http:\/\/tjj.ln.gov.cn."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Shandong Provincial Bureau of Statistics (2022, February 05). Shandong Statistical Yearbook (1995\u20132018), Available online: http:\/\/tjj.shandong.gov.cn."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Tianjin Bureau of Statistics (2022, February 05). Tianjin Statistical Yearbook (1995\u20132018), Available online: http:\/\/stats.tj.gov.cn."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"13","article-title":"Shoreline change rate analysis: Long term versus short term data","volume":"61","author":"Crowell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Shore Beach"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2112\/SI73-124.1","article-title":"Sea areas reclamation and coastline change monitoring by remote sensing in coastal zone of Liaoning in China","volume":"73","author":"Suo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, J.F., Zhang, Y.B., Lv, X.Q., and Shi, H.H. (2022). The Temporal Evolution of Coastlines in the Bohai Sea and Its Impact on Hydrodynamics. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215549"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108140","article-title":"Investigation of tidal evolution in the Bohai Sea using the combination of satellite altimeter records and numerical models","volume":"279","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Zhang, Z.F., Suo, A.N., and Yang, Z.X. (2019). Evaluation and Early-Warning Technical Methouds for Marine Resources & Environmental Carrying Capacity and Its Application, China Ocean Press."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2017.01.020","article-title":"Identifying the consequences of ocean sprawl for sedimentary habitats","volume":"492","author":"Heery","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2006.01581.x","article-title":"Impact of urbanization on coastal wetland structure and function","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-00595-1","article-title":"Current and projected global extent of marine built structures","volume":"4","author":"Bugnot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2010.11.032","article-title":"Effects of reclamation on macrobenthic assemblages in the coastline of the Arabian Gulf: A microcosm experimental approach","volume":"62","author":"Naser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29925","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC900203","article-title":"Influences of physical processes on the ecosystem in Jiaozhou Bay: A coupled physical and biological model experiment","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2008.10.003","article-title":"Current status and ecological roles of Zostera marina after recovery from large-scale reclamation in the Nakdong River estuary, Korea. Estuar","volume":"81","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Coast. Shelf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2017.01.021","article-title":"Effects of ocean sprawl on ecological connectivity: Impacts and solutions","volume":"492","author":"Bishop","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2022.104093","article-title":"Ortega-S\u00e1nchez. Bridge-piling modifications on tidal flows in an estuary","volume":"173","author":"Zarzuelo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.11.016","article-title":"A methodology for assessing and mapping pressure of human activities on coastal region based on stepwise logic decision process and GIS technology","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.12.025","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics and ecological effects of the human interference index of the yellow river delta in the last 30 years","volume":"89","author":"Chi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Shi, H.H., Zheng, W., and Wang, X.L. (2017). Investigation and Carrying Capacity Evaluation of Carbon Sequestering Biological Resources of Typical Island Ecosystems in Northern China, China Ocean Press."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2015.04.003","article-title":"Advancing marine cumulative effects mapping: An update in Canada\u2019s Pacific waters","volume":"58","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2017.04.008","article-title":"Temporal-spatial variations and driving factors analysis of coastal reclamation in China","volume":"191","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11397","article-title":"An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean","volume":"488","author":"Halpern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-01298-8","article-title":"A guide to ecosystem models and their environmental applications","volume":"4","author":"Geary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2017.12.015","article-title":"Building beyond land: An overview of coastal land reclamation in 16 global megacities","volume":"90","author":"Sengupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015781","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1015781","article-title":"Coastal vulnerability modelling and social vulnerability assessment under anthropogenic impacts","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112487","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1112487","article-title":"Spatio-temporal changes and driving forces of reclamation based on remote sensing: A case study of Guangxi Beibu gulf","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185782","article-title":"Sea-level rise and its impact on coastal zones","volume":"328","author":"Nicholls","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1756","article-title":"A global standard for monitoring coastal wetland vulnerability to accelerated sea-level rise","volume":"3","author":"Webb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1854","article-title":"Coastal adaptation with ecological engineering","volume":"3","author":"Cheong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/6\/1495\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:50:53Z","timestamp":1760122253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/6\/1495"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15061495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15061495","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]}}}