{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:57:06Z","timestamp":1782989826469,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42230612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KLME202211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLME202211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CXFZ2022J010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXFZ2022J010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Joint Open Project of KLME and CIC-FEMD, NUIST","award":["42230612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230612"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Project of KLME and CIC-FEMD, NUIST","award":["KLME202211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLME202211"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Project of KLME and CIC-FEMD, NUIST","award":["CXFZ2022J010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXFZ2022J010"]}]},{"name":"Special Program for Innovation and Development of China Meteorological Administration","award":["42230612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230612"]}]},{"name":"Special Program for Innovation and Development of China Meteorological Administration","award":["KLME202211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLME202211"]}]},{"name":"Special Program for Innovation and Development of China Meteorological Administration","award":["CXFZ2022J010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXFZ2022J010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent upgrades to China\u2019s radar network now allow for polarimetric measurements of convective systems in central China, providing an effective data set with which to evaluate the microphysics schemes employed in local squall line simulations. We compared polarimetric radar variables derived by Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and radar forward models and the corresponding hydrometeor species with radar observations and retrievals for a severe squall line observed over central China on 16 March 2022. Two microphysics schemes were tested and were able to accurately depict the contrast between convective and stratiform regions in terms of the drop size distribution (DSD) and reproduce the classical polarimetric signatures of the observed differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase (KDP) columns. However, for the convective region, the simulated DSDs in both schemes exhibited lower proportions of large drops and lower liquid water content; by contrast, for the stratiform region, the proportion of large drops was found to be too high in the Morrison (MORR) scheme. The underprediction of ice-phase processes in the convective region, particularly the riming processes associated with graupel and hail, was likely responsible for the bias toward large raindrops at low levels. In the stratiform region, raindrop evaporation in the WRF Double-Moment 6-Class (WDM6) scheme, which partially offsets the overestimation of ice-phase processes, produced ground DSDs that more closely matched the observational data, and did not exhibit the overly strong warm-rain collisional growth processes of MORR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T01:35:37Z","timestamp":1678325737000},"page":"1507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evaluating Simulated Microphysics of Stratiform and Convective Precipitation in a Squall Line Event Using Polarimetric Radar Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8682-4040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuting","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Basin Heavy Rainfall Key Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory for Heavy Rain Monitoring and Warning Research, Institute of Heavy Rain, China Meteorological Administration, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster (KLME), Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Basin Heavy Rainfall Key Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory for Heavy Rain Monitoring and Warning Research, Institute of Heavy Rain, China Meteorological Administration, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4125-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingjiu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster (KLME), Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Basin Heavy Rainfall Key Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory for Heavy Rain Monitoring and Warning Research, Institute of Heavy Rain, China Meteorological Administration, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Basin Heavy Rainfall Key Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory for Heavy Rain Monitoring and Warning Research, Institute of Heavy Rain, China Meteorological Administration, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019MS001689","DOI":"10.1029\/2019MS001689","article-title":"Confronting the Challenge of Modeling Cloud and Precipitation Microphysics","volume":"12","author":"Morrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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