{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T02:28:21Z","timestamp":1769308101268,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41801099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK0307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFS0491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["41801099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801099"]}]},{"name":"second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0307"]}]},{"name":"second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2022YFS0491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0491"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan","award":["41801099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801099"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan","award":["2019QZKK0307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0307"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan","award":["2022YFS0491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0491"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Three-North Shelter Forest (TNSF) program is a significant ecological safety barrier in northern China, where both climate change and anthropogenic activity contribute to the increase in vegetation coverage observed. However, comprehensive effects of these factors on vegetation have not been accurately quantified yet. This study utilized the Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) data, meteorological data, and spatial distribution of ecological engineering to analyze spatiotemporal variation of FVC and climate in the TNSF program region in China during the period 1982\u20132018. A partial correlation analysis and residual analysis were performed to determine the relative contribution of climate change and anthropogenic activity to the FVC and the overall effect of ecological governance. Results showed that since 1982, the average FVC in the TNSF program region was 0.201\u20130.253, with an average growth rate of 0.01\u00b7(10a)\u22121. The FVC showed a significant increase in 66.45% of the TNSF region, and will continue to increase, while only 7.02% showed a significant decrease. The coefficient of variation showed a large spatial variation, with 30.86% being in very low stability regions, mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia and the Loess Plateau. A warm and wet climate is more conducive to increasing the FVC than the warm and dry climate, and ecological engineering has the largest impact on areas with an annual accumulated precipitation greater than 300 mm. A quantitative analysis revealed that climate change and anthropogenic activity contributed to the significant increase in the FVC in 15.58% and 46.81% of the TNSF region, respectively. Therefore, ecological governance projects, such as the TNSF program, play a crucial role in enhancing the FVC in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T03:46:40Z","timestamp":1678333600000},"page":"1509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activity Co-Driven Vegetation Coverage Increase in the Three-North Shelter Forest Region of China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8606-7825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Menglin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}]},{"given":"Yanbin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2480-9774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4135-7634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Engineering Department, Montana Technological University, Butter, MT 59701, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9506-5311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guihua","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tourism and Urban-Rural Planning, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Bie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tourism and Urban-Rural Planning, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}]},{"given":"Jingji","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Ecological Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tourism and Urban-Rural Planning, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2003.09.029","article-title":"Terrestrial Vegetation and Water Balance\u2014Hydrological Evaluation of a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model","volume":"286","author":"Gerten","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054019","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/5\/054019","article-title":"Erratum: Importance of Vegetation Dynamics for Future Terrestrial Carbon Cycling","volume":"10","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02810-8","article-title":"The Mark of Vegetation Change on Earth\u2019s Surface Energy Balance","volume":"9","author":"Duveiller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106530","article-title":"Vegetation Cover Changes in China Induced by Ecological Restoration-Protection Projects and Land-Use Changes from 2000 to 2020","volume":"217","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.012","article-title":"Vegetation Dynamics and Responses to Climate Change and Human Activities in Central Asia","volume":"599\u2013600","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.07.031","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Vegetation Variation in the Yellow River Basin","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106932","article-title":"LAI-Indicated Vegetation Dynamic in Ecologically Fragile Region: A Case Study in the Three-North Shelter Forest Program Region of China","volume":"120","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0220-7","article-title":"China and India Lead in Greening of the World through Land-Use Management","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9998","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70809998","article-title":"Dynamic Response of Satellite-Derived Vegetation Growth to Climate Change in the Three North Shelter Forest Region in China","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., and Xin, L. (2021). China\u2019s Deserts Greening and Response to Climate Variability and Human Activities. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256462"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Xu, F., Li, Z., You, N., Zhou, H., Zhou, Y., Chen, B., Qin, Y., Xiao, X., and Dong, J. (2021). Forest Changes by Precipitation Zones in Northern China after the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Program in China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040543"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157729","article-title":"Ecological Restoration Programs Dominate Vegetation Greening in China","volume":"848","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., and Kong, J. (2016). Assessing Land Degradation Dynamics and Distinguishing Human-Induced Changes from Climate Factors in the Three-North Shelter Forest Region of China. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5090158"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.09.041","article-title":"Multiple Afforestation Programs Accelerate the Greenness in the \u201cThree North\u201d Region of China from 1982 to 2013","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2019.117808","article-title":"Impacts of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program on the Main Soil Nutrients in Northern Shaanxi China: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"458","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064229318120050","article-title":"Dynamic Assessment of Soil Water Erosion in the Three-North Shelter Forest Region of China from 1980 to 2015","volume":"51","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurasian Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, R., Chen, S., and Su, H. (2021). Climate Dynamics of the Spatiotemporal Changes of Vegetation Ndvi in Northern China from 1982 to 2015. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020187"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-012-5407-5","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variation in Alpine Grassland Phenology in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1999 to 2009","volume":"58","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, S., Zhang, J., Ha, S., Lai, Q., and Ma, Q. (2016). Dynamics of Fractional Vegetation Coverage and Its Relationship with Climate and Human Activities in Inner Mongolia, China. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090776"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15729","article-title":"Annual Precipitation Explains Variability in Dryland Vegetation Greenness Globally but Not Locally","volume":"27","author":"Ukkola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhang, X., and Xu, X. (2022). Precipitation and Anthropogenic Activities Jointly Green the China\u2013Mongolia\u2013Russia Economic Corridor. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010187"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108818","article-title":"Detection of Vegetation Coverage Changes in the Yellow River Basin from 2003 to 2020","volume":"138","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3351","article-title":"Ecological Engineering Projects Increased Vegetation Cover, Production, and Biomass in Semiarid and Subhumid Northern China","volume":"30","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2854293","article-title":"Long-Term Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) Fractional Vegetation Cover Product Derived From MODIS and AVHRR Data","volume":"12","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Liu, L., Zhang, Z., Kang, Z., Tian, H., Wang, T., and Chen, H. (2022). Spatial and Temporal Variation Characteristics of Glacier Resources in Xinjiang over the Past 50 Years. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14071057"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, D., Yi, G., Zhang, T., Miao, J., Li, J., and Bie, X. (2018). Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of EVI and Its Response to Climatic Factors in Recent 16 Years Based on Grey Relational Analysis in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060961"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-019-02972-z","article-title":"Development and Preliminary Application of a Gridded Surface Air Temperature Homogenized Dataset for China","volume":"139","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, H., Bie, X., Yi, G., Zhou, X., Zhang, T., Li, J., and Lai, P. (2022). Dominant Impacting Factors on Water-Use Efficiency Variation in Inner Mongolia from 2001 to 2018: Vegetation or Climate?. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184541"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108832","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of Vegetation in the Yellow River Basin, China during 2000\u20132020","volume":"138","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32866","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06378-2","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variation of Vegetation Coverage and Its Associated Influence Factor Analysis in the Yangtze River Delta, Eastern China","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1623\/hysj.48.1.3.43481","article-title":"Climate Change, the Hurst Phenomenon, and Hydrological Statistics","volume":"48","author":"Koutsoyiannis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102331","article-title":"Characterizing and Attributing the Vegetation Coverage Changes in North Shanxi Coal Base of China from 1987 to 2020","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2019.102834","article-title":"Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Vegetation Cover Change in the Haihe River Basin, China","volume":"115","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.115","article-title":"NDVI-Based Vegetation Dynamics and Its Response to Climate Changes at Amur-Heilongjiang River Basin from 1982 to 2015","volume":"650","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-100X.2010.00756.x","article-title":"Assessing the Ecological Success of Restoration by Afforestation on the Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"20","author":"Jiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159354","article-title":"Assessing the Effects of China\u2019s Three-North Shelter Forest Program over 40 Years","volume":"857","author":"Zhai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106111","article-title":"Ecological and Environmental Consequences of Ecological Projects in the Beijing\u2013Tianjin Sand Source Region","volume":"112","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, X., Liang, X., Yan, C., Xing, X., Jia, H., Wei, X., and Feng, K. (2020). Vegetation Dynamic Changes and Their Response to Ecological Engineering in the Sanjiangyuan Region of China. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12244035"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"826","article-title":"Assessing the Effects of the Green for Grain Program on Ecosystem Carbon Storage Service by Linking the InVEST and FLUS Models: A Case Study of Zichang County in Hilly and Gully Region of Loess Plateau","volume":"35","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"2133","article-title":"Assessment of Ecological Benefits of Key National Ecological Projects in China in 2000\u20132019 Using Remote Sensing","volume":"77","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1600","article-title":"The Prospects of Development of the Three-North Afforestation Program (TNAP): On the Basis of the Results of the 40-Year Construction General Assessment of the TNAP","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, J., Wang, Y., Teng, H., Wang, N., Li, D., Peng, J., Biswas, A., and Shi, Z. (2021). Dynamics of Vegetation Greenness and Its Response to Climate Change in Xinjiang over the Past Two Decades. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204063"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.104343","article-title":"Review of Historical and Projected Future Climatic and Hydrological Changes in Mountainous Semiarid Xinjiang (Northwestern China), Central Asia","volume":"187","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-021-1898-9","article-title":"Recent Signal and Impact of Wet-to-Dry Climatic Shift in Xinjiang, China","volume":"31","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Bian, Z., Mu, S., Yuan, J., and Chen, F. (2020). Effects of Climate Change on Land Cover Change and Vegetation Dynamics in Xinjiang, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134865"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-014-0068-1","article-title":"Long-Term Vegetation Dynamics Driven by Climatic Variations in the Inner Mongolia Grassland: Findings from 30-Year Monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.01.066","article-title":"Relationship between Vegetation Change and Extreme Climate Indices on the Inner Mongolia Plateau, China, from 1982 to 2013","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"319","article-title":"Effects of Grazing on the Grassland Vegetation Community Characteristics in Inner Mongolia","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Resour. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.117980","article-title":"Greater Risk of Hydraulic Failure Due to Increased Drought Threatens Pine Plantations in Horqin Sandy Land of Northern China","volume":"461","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.11.014","article-title":"China \u2019s Progress towards Sustainable Land Degradation Control: Insights from the Northwest Arid Regions","volume":"127","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044012","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac58a9","article-title":"Human Activities Modulate Greening Patterns: A Case Study for Southern Xinjiang in China Based on Long Time Series Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/6\/1509\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:51:41Z","timestamp":1760122301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/6\/1509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15061509"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15061509","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]}}}