{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T18:18:05Z","timestamp":1782152285886,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41776111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41776111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCKY2019401D002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCKY2019401D002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Defense Industrial Technology Development Program","award":["41776111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41776111"]}]},{"name":"Defense Industrial Technology Development Program","award":["JCKY2019401D002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCKY2019401D002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The measurement accuracy of Brillouin scattering spectra is crucial for ocean remote sensing by Brillouin scattering lidar. Due to the limited resolution of ICCD cameras, the traditional processing methods remain at the pixel or partial sub-pixel level, which cannot meet the requirements of high-performance lidar. In this paper, to extract the frequency shift with high precision from stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) lidar, a novel spectral processing method with sub-pixel recognition accuracy is proposed based on the Hessian matrix and Steger algorithm combined with the least square fitting method. Firstly, the Hessian matrix and Frangi filter are used for signal denoising. Then, the center points of SBS spectra at the sub-pixel level are extracted using the Steger algorithm and are connected and classified according to the signal type. On that basis, the frequency shifts of Brillouin scattering are calculated by using the center and radii of interference spectra after through fitting by the least squares method. Finally, the water temperatures are inverted by using the frequency shifts of Brillouin scattering. The results show that the processing method proposed in this paper can accurately calculate the frequency shift of Brillouin scattering. The measured errors of frequency shift are generally at an order of MHz, and the inversion accuracy of water temperature can be as low as 0.14 \u00b0C. This work is essential to the application for remote sensing the seawater parameters by using the Brillouin lidar technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T01:31:41Z","timestamp":1678411901000},"page":"1511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["High-Accuracy Spectral Measurement of Stimulated-Brillouin-Scattering Lidar Based on Hessian Matrix and Steger Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianda","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningning","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingdao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Nondestructive testing and Optoelectric Sensing Technology and Application, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiulin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Nondestructive testing and Optoelectric Sensing Technology and Application, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-007-0073-y","article-title":"Effect of air-sea temperature difference on ocean microwave brightness temperature estimated from AMSR, SeaWinds, and buoys","volume":"63","author":"Shibata","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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