{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T13:29:46Z","timestamp":1772112586479,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFE0103800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0103800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["300108221102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300108221102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021SF-454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SF-454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20XKS006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XKS006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"International Education Research Program of Chang\u2019an University","award":["2018YFE0103800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0103800"]}]},{"name":"International Education Research Program of Chang\u2019an University","award":["300108221102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300108221102"]}]},{"name":"International Education Research Program of Chang\u2019an University","award":["2021SF-454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SF-454"]}]},{"name":"International Education Research Program of Chang\u2019an University","award":["20XKS006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XKS006"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Shaanxi Provincial Key R&amp;D Program\u2014Social Development Field","award":["2018YFE0103800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0103800"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Shaanxi Provincial Key R&amp;D Program\u2014Social Development Field","award":["300108221102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300108221102"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Shaanxi Provincial Key R&amp;D Program\u2014Social Development Field","award":["2021SF-454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SF-454"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Shaanxi Provincial Key R&amp;D Program\u2014Social Development Field","award":["20XKS006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XKS006"]}]},{"name":"China National Social Science Fund Project","award":["2018YFE0103800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0103800"]}]},{"name":"China National Social Science Fund Project","award":["300108221102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300108221102"]}]},{"name":"China National Social Science Fund Project","award":["2021SF-454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SF-454"]}]},{"name":"China National Social Science Fund Project","award":["20XKS006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XKS006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Taiyuan City in the eastern Loess Plateau has experienced severe ecological problems caused by urban expansion. For cities undergoing rapid urbanization, building an ecological security pattern (ESP) is an effective means to improve urban resilience. Here, geographic information systems (GIS) were used to analyze, manipulate, and visualize urban ecological multi-source information and remote sensing (RS) for the history of land use\/land-cover (LULC) changes and the structure of the urban ecological system. Four important ecosystem service functions were estimated: soil conservation, habitat quality, water yield, and carbon storage. The minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model was combined with the circuit theory method to determine the ecological corridors, pinch points, and barrier points. Our results showed that: (1) from 1980 to 2020, Taiyuan\u2019s built-up area showed increased construction land and enhanced landscape fragmentation. The decline in cultivated land was mainly attributed to construction land. During the period from 2000 to 2010, a greater amount of land was changed in Taiyuan than in other periods; (2) The ecosystem service evaluation based on the LULC in 2020 revealed that the central urban area was lower than the other areas; (3) 38 ecological source sites were identified, accounting for 16% of the total study area. An area of 106 km2 was allocated to construct 79 ecological corridors. We identified 31 ecological pinch points and 6 ecological barrier points; (4) an ESP optimization governance model of \u201ctwo rings, four zones, and nine corridors\u201d was proposed. Our study provides theoretical guidance for sustainable development and ecological design in Taiyuan City and other regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T05:02:17Z","timestamp":1678424537000},"page":"1523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Construction of Ecological Security Pattern under Rapid Urbanization in the Loess Plateau: A Case Study of Taiyuan City"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qiong","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Rural Construction, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}]},{"given":"Zhilei","family":"Zhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Rural Construction, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8277-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pingping","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Monitoring, Modelling and Early Warning of Watershed Spatial Hydrology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"School of Water and Environment, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107484110","article-title":"Evolution of natural and social science interactions in global change research programs","volume":"110","author":"Mooney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.105011","article-title":"Dynamics of land use, land cover change trend and its drivers in Jimma Geneti District, Western Ethiopia","volume":"99","author":"Hailu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Turner, B.L., Moss, R.H., and Skole, D.L. (1993). Joint Publication of the IGBP No. 24 and HDP No 5, Swedish Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-6339(15)30055-1","article-title":"Land Use-Land Cover dynamics of Huluka watershed, central rift Valley, Ethiopia","volume":"2","author":"Gebreslassie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.12.001","article-title":"Characterizing landscape pattern and ecosystem service value changes for urbanization impacts at an eco-regional scale","volume":"34","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"42","article-title":"Urban growth and environmental impacts in Jing-Jin-Ji, the Yangtze, river delta and the Pearl River delta","volume":"30","author":"Haas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Fang, W., Wang, T., Qureshi, S., Alatalo, J., and Bai, Y. (2017). Correlations between socioeconomic drivers and indicators of urban expansion: Evidence from the heavily urbanised Shanghai metropolitan area, China. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9071199"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Cao, Z., Luo, P., and Zhu, W. (2022). Spatiotemporal variations and climatological trends in precipitation indices in Shaanxi Province, China. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13050744"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-021-01654-3","article-title":"Exploring sustainable solutions for the water environment in Chinese and Southeast Asian cities","volume":"51","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-019-00727-3","article-title":"Evaluation of thermal climatic region areas in terms of building density in urban management and planning for Burdur, Turkey","volume":"12","author":"Cetin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-0477-x","article-title":"How to halt the global decline of lands","volume":"3","author":"Willemen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.01.018","article-title":"Urban ecology in China: Historical developments and future directions","volume":"125","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0448-2","article-title":"Principles for knowledge co-production in sustainability research","volume":"3","author":"Cvitanovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2017.11.010","article-title":"Linking ecological degradation risk to identify ecological security patterns in a rapidly urbanizing landscape","volume":"71","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, R., Du, W., and Yang, Z. (2021). Spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of urban land ecological security in Yunnan Province. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13052936"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108604","article-title":"Construction and optimization strategy of ecological security pattern in a rapidly urbanizing region: A case study in central-south China","volume":"136","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(96)00331-3","article-title":"Security patterns and surface model in landscape ecological planning","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"407","article-title":"Research progress and prospect on regional ecological security pattern construction","volume":"36","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, J., Wang, Z., and Yu, C. (2021). Analysis for the interaction relationship between urbanization and ecological security: A case study in wuhan city Circle of China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413187"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.146","article-title":"The evolution of landscape ecological security in Beijing under the influence of different policies in recent decades","volume":"646","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128948","article-title":"Quantization of the coupling mechanism between eco-environmental quality and urbanization from multisource remote sensing data","volume":"321","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.292","article-title":"Linking ecosystem services and circuit theory to identify ecological security patterns","volume":"644","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7306","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7306","article-title":"Establishing an ecological security pattern for urban agglomeration, taking ecosystem services and human interference factors into consideration","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Gu, X., Liu, G., Fan, X., Zhao, Q., and Zhang, Q. (2022). Construction of regional ecological security patterns based on multi-criteria decision making and circuit theory. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030527"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, R., Bai, Z., and Shi, Z. (2021). Linking morphological spatial pattern analysis and circuit theory to identify ecological security pattern in the Loess Plateau: Taking Shuozhou city as an example. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10090907"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-019-0031-8","article-title":"Land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units on the Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Arid. Land"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2015.05.002","article-title":"Spatiotemporal vegetation cover variations associated with climate change and ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau","volume":"209\u2013210","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13633","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1480-x","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variations in vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau, China, between 1982 and 2013: Possible causes and potential impacts","volume":"25","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. R"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2021.107231","article-title":"Effects of grass vegetation coverage and position on runoff and sediment yields on the slope of Loess Plateau, China","volume":"259","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2021.453","article-title":"Characteristics of nutrients pollution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal in sediments of Fenhe River, Taiyuan section, China","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(06)60078-7","article-title":"Spatial-temporal pattern and driving forces of land use changes in Xiamen","volume":"16","author":"Quan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2015.03.021","article-title":"Urban land expansion in Quanzhou City, China, 1995\u20132010","volume":"48","author":"Quan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-008-0323-y","article-title":"Spatial-temporal pattern and population driving force of land use change in Liupan Mountains region, southern Ningxia, China","volume":"18","author":"Quan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"365","article-title":"Assessment of soil conservation function of the ecosystem services on the Loess Plateau","volume":"29","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, P., Zhou, Y., Li, M., and Xu, J. (2022). Spatiotemporal patterns of habitat quality and its topographic gradient effects of Hubei Province based on the InVEST model. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-022-02310-w"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Zhou, Y., Xiao, P., Tian, Y., Huang, H., and Xiao, L. (2021). Evolution of habitat quality and its topographic gradient effect in northwest Hubei Province from 2000 to 2020 based on the invest model. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10080857"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"475","article-title":"Nature\u2019s services: Societal dependence on natural ecosystems, by G. C. Daily","volume":"101","author":"Pharo","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Bryologist"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012098","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/950\/1\/012098","article-title":"Annual water yield analysis with InVEST model in Tesso Nilo national park, Riau Province","volume":"950","author":"Ningrum","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Sharp, R., Tallis, H.T., Ricketts, T., Guerry, A.D., Wood, S.A., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Nelson, E., Ennaanay, D., Wolny, S., and Olwero, N. (2018). +VERSION+ User\u2019s Guide, World Wildlife Fund."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015508322413","article-title":"Estimating reference evapotranspiration under inaccurate data conditions","volume":"16","author":"Droogers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., and Jung, Y. (2020). Application of the InVEST model to quantify the water yield of North Korean forests. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11080804"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"0240","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Change of Carbon Storage in the Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi, based on the InVEST Model","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Cold Arid. Reg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1303-4","article-title":"Agent-based modeling and simulations of land-use and land-cover change according to ant colony optimization: A case study of the Erhai Lake Basin, China","volume":"75","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2018.e00512","article-title":"Land use and land cover changes in a sub-humid montane forest in an arid setting: A case study of the Marsabit forest reserve in Northern Kenya","volume":"16","author":"Muhati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.12.057","article-title":"Comparison of intensity analysis and the land use dynamic degrees to measure land changes outside versus inside the coastal zone of Longhai, China","volume":"89","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"e01236","article-title":"Influence assessment of new inner tube porous brick with absorbent concrete on urban floods control","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2022.105478","article-title":"Urban flood numerical simulation: Research, methods and future perspectives","volume":"156","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Modell. Softw."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"622","article-title":"Effects of land use change on habitat based on InVEST model\u2014Taking Yellow River wetland nature reserve in Shaanxi Province as an example","volume":"32","author":"Bao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arid. Zone Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Ju, H., Zhang, S., and Chen, G. (2021). The construction of ecological security patterns in coastal areas based on landscape ecological risk assessment\u2014A case study of Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212249"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158940","article-title":"The role of land use change in affecting ecosystem services and the ecological security pattern of the Hexi Regions, Northwest China","volume":"855","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-015-0336-8","article-title":"Prioritization of habitat patches for landscape connectivity conservation differs between least-cost and resistance distances","volume":"31","author":"Avon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landscape Ecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2011.07.003","article-title":"Assessing the soil erosion control service of ecosystems change in the Loess Plateau of China","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Complex."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106864","article-title":"Soil conservation efficiency assessment based on land use scenarios in the Nile River basin","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-021-1230-8","article-title":"Do forest landscape pattern planning and optimization play a role in enhancing soil conservation services in mountain areas of Western China?","volume":"31","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2019.102042","article-title":"Influence of urbanization on regional habitat quality: A case study of Changchun city","volume":"93","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Liu, Z., Li, S., and Li, Y. (2022). Multi-scenario simulation analysis of land use impacts on habitat quality in Tianjin based on the PLUS model coupled with the InVEST model. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14116923"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Jiang, Z., Li, Y., Yang, Z., Wang, X., and Li, X. (2021). Construction and optimization of an urban ecological security pattern based on habitat quality assessment and the minimum cumulative resistance model in Shenzhen City, China. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/f12070847"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147193","article-title":"Rapidly declining surface and terrestrial water resources in Central Asia driven by socio-economic and climatic changes","volume":"784","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121614","article-title":"Sustainable water management for cross-border resources: The Balkhash lake basin of Central Asia, 1931\u20132015","volume":"263","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, W., Maskey, S., Chaffe, P.L.B., Luo, P., He, B., Wu, Y., and Hou, J. (2021). Recent advancement in remote sensing technology for hydrology analysis and water resources management. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13061097"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahib, I., Ambarwulan, W., Rahadiati, A., Munajati, S.L., Prihanto, Y., Suryanta, J., Turmudi, T., and Nuswantoro, A.C. (2021). Assessment of the impacts of climate and LULC changes on the water yield in the Citarum River Basin, West Java Province, Indonesia. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13073919"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2015.09.015","article-title":"Assessing the potential impacts of urban expansion on regional carbon storage by linking the LUSD-urban and invest models","volume":"75","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Modell. Softw."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Y., Liu, L., and Huang, J. (2017). Integrating the SD-CLUE-S and InVEST models into assessment of oasis carbon storage in Northwestern China. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172494"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108834","article-title":"Assessment of the variation and influencing factors of vegetation NPP and carbon sink capacity under different natural conditions","volume":"138","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-021-01082-y","article-title":"Impacts of soil erosion and forest quality on water quality in Samanalawewa watershed, Sri Lanka","volume":"8","author":"Kumarasiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Model. Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, H., Li, Z., Guo, H., Chen, H., and Luo, P. (2022). Urban green space planning based on remote sensing and geographic information systems. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174213"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2021.335","article-title":"Heavy metals in water and surface sediments of the Fenghe River Basin, China: Assessment and source analysis","volume":"84","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134043","article-title":"Overview assessment of risk evaluation and treatment technologies for heavy metal pollution of water and soil","volume":"379","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2328","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.2328","article-title":"A bibliometric analysis of the research on sponge city: Current situation and future development direction","volume":"14","author":"Zha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, P., Zheng, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Yu, W., Zhu, X., Huo, A., Wang, Z., He, B., and Nover, D. (2022). Comparative assessment of sponge city constructing in public awareness, Xi\u2019an, China. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141811653"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Shi, P., Zhang, X., Tong, H., Zhang, W., and Liu, Y. (2021). Research on landscape pattern construction and ecological restoration of Jiuquan city based on ecological security evaluation. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13105732"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"122","article-title":"Study on land ecological risk in oasis city based on LUCC: A case study in the Ganzhou District","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arid Zone Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1553","article-title":"The spatial and temporal analysis of land use conflict in the middle reaches of the Heihe River based on landscape pattern","volume":"40","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/6\/1523\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:51:56Z","timestamp":1760122316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/6\/1523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15061523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15061523","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]}}}