{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T17:13:25Z","timestamp":1772558005753,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]],"date-time":"2023-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20220410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22YJCZH237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJCZH237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1020221108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1020221108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022SJYB0162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022SJYB0162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["164120230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["164120230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Youth foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["BK20220410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220410"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Youth foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["22YJCZH237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJCZH237"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Youth foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["1020221108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1020221108"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Youth foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["2022SJYB0162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022SJYB0162"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Youth foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["164120230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["164120230"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010023","name":"Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20220410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010023","name":"Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22YJCZH237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJCZH237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010023","name":"Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1020221108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1020221108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010023","name":"Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022SJYB0162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022SJYB0162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010023","name":"Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["164120230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["164120230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Philosophical and Social Science Foundation of Jiangsu Universities","award":["BK20220410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220410"]}]},{"name":"Philosophical and Social Science Foundation of Jiangsu Universities","award":["22YJCZH237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJCZH237"]}]},{"name":"Philosophical and Social Science Foundation of Jiangsu Universities","award":["1020221108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1020221108"]}]},{"name":"Philosophical and Social Science Foundation of Jiangsu Universities","award":["2022SJYB0162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022SJYB0162"]}]},{"name":"Philosophical and Social Science Foundation of Jiangsu Universities","award":["164120230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["164120230"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Educations Institutions","award":["BK20220410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220410"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Educations Institutions","award":["22YJCZH237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJCZH237"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Educations Institutions","award":["1020221108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1020221108"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Educations Institutions","award":["2022SJYB0162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022SJYB0162"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Educations Institutions","award":["164120230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["164120230"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The quantity and quality of green space (GS) exposure play an important role in urban residents\u2019 physical and psychological health. However, the current framework for assessing GS quality is primarily based on 2-D remote sensing data and 2.5-D street-view images. Few studies have comprehensively evaluated residential community GSs from an overall 3-D perspective. This study proposes a novel systematic framework for evaluating the quantity and quality of residential GSs based on the generation of a high-resolution 3-D point cloud using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP). Nine indices were proposed: green volume ratio, floor green volume index, green groups diversity index, vegetation diversity index, greenspace fragmentation, average vegetation colour distance, vegetation colour diversity, activity areas ratio, and green cohesion index of activity site. These metrics were calculated using the classified point clouds from four typical Chinese residential communities with different residential greenery types and population densities. The results showed that our method could quantitatively identify the differences in residential GS exposure within urban residential communities. For example, a residential community with a large plant distribution and rich greenery variations had higher greenspace volume ratio and vegetation diversity index values. Our findings suggest that this novel framework, employing cost-effective UAV-DAP, can clearly describe different GS attributes and characteristics, aiding decision-makers and urban planners in comprehensively implementing GS interventions to improve the residents\u2019 quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T03:03:57Z","timestamp":1678676637000},"page":"1543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["How to Systematically Evaluate the Greenspace Exposure of Residential Communities? A 3-D Novel Perspective Using UAV Photogrammetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1149-7817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyu","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4696-5652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017","article-title":"Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities \u2018just green enough\u2019","volume":"125","author":"Wolch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-018-0751-6","article-title":"Biodiversity of urban soils for sustainable cities","volume":"16","author":"Guilland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.023","article-title":"Modeling the provision of air-quality regulation ecosystem service provided by urban green spaces using lichens as ecological indicators","volume":"665","author":"Matos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00475-0","article-title":"How the built environment affects physical activity: Views from urban planning","volume":"23","author":"Handy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.03.103","article-title":"The association between greenness and traffic-related air pollution at schools","volume":"523","author":"Dadvand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2022.104444","article-title":"More visible greenspace, stronger heart? Evidence from ischaemic heart disease emergency department visits by middle-aged and older adults in Hubei, China","volume":"224","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.08.004","article-title":"Outdoor blue spaces, human health and well-being: A systematic review of quantitative studies","volume":"220","author":"Gascon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.028","article-title":"Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance","volume":"158","author":"Markevych","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2010.07.001","article-title":"Differential community effects on perception and use of urban greenspaces","volume":"27","author":"Lo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117976","article-title":"Are greenspace quantity and quality associated with mental health through different mechanisms in Guangzhou, China: A comparison study using street view data","volume":"290","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax0903","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax0903","article-title":"Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective","volume":"5","author":"Bratman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-015-0043-7","article-title":"A Review of the Health Benefits of Greenness","volume":"2","author":"James","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2012.674899","article-title":"Is a Green Residential Environment Better for Health? If So, Why?","volume":"102","author":"Groenewegen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2013.04.002","article-title":"Feelings of restoration from recent nature visits","volume":"35","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916515598200","article-title":"The Relationship between Perceived Greenness and Perceived Restorativeness of University Campuses and Student-Reported Quality of Life","volume":"48","author":"Hipp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.06.023","article-title":"The relationship between depressive symptoms and activity of daily living disability among the elderly: Results from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)","volume":"198","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145908","article-title":"Fine-grained assessment of greenspace satisfaction at regional scale using content analysis of social media and machine learning","volume":"776","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2022.101478","article-title":"A review of machine learning and big data applications in addressing ecosystem service research gaps","volume":"57","author":"Manley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107508","article-title":"Deciphering the changes in residential exposure to green spaces: The case of a rapidly urbanizing metropolitan region","volume":"188","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103599","article-title":"The influence of the landscape pattern on the urban land surface temperature varies with the ratio of land components: Insights from 2D\/3D building\/vegetation metrics","volume":"78","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.030","article-title":"The health benefits of the great outdoors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes","volume":"166","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.10.061","article-title":"Residential Greenspace Association with Childhood Behavioral Outcomes","volume":"207","author":"Madzia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01170-6","article-title":"Shortcomings of the normalized difference vegetation index as an exposure metric","volume":"8","author":"Donovan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.06.006","article-title":"Assessing street-level urban greenery using Google Street View and a modified green view index","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, Y., and Liu, L. (2017). How green are the streets? An analysis for central areas of Chinese cities using Tencent Street View. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171110"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2019.1643024","article-title":"A human-machine adversarial scoring framework for urban perception assessment using street-view images","volume":"33","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2017.06.003","article-title":"A machine learning-based method for the large-scale evaluation of the qualities of the urban environment","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hebbalaguppe, R., Garg, G., Hassan, E., Ghosh, H., and Verma, A. (2017, January 24\u201331). Telecom Inventory Management via Object Recognition and Localisation on Google Street View Images. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), Santa Rosa, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2017.86"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101924","article-title":"Establishing a citywide street tree inventory with street view images and computer vision techniques","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-017-0021-8","article-title":"Generalized 3D fragmentation index derived from lidar point clouds","volume":"2","author":"Petras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Geospat. Data Softw. Stand."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.09.014","article-title":"Mapping almond orchard canopy volume, flowers, fruit and yield using lidar and vision sensors","volume":"130","author":"Underwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2022.01.002","article-title":"Quantifying the shape of urban street trees and evaluating its influence on their aesthetic functions based on mobile lidar data","volume":"184","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108323","article-title":"Mapping fine-scale visual quality distribution inside urban streets using mobile LiDAR data","volume":"206","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.03.008","article-title":"Spatial estimation of urban forest structures with Landsat TM data and field measurements","volume":"14","author":"Ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2019.126574","article-title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle based measurement of urban forests","volume":"48","author":"Isibue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.04.005","article-title":"High spatial resolution three-dimensional mapping of vegetation spectral dynamics using computer vision","volume":"136","author":"Dandois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1264028","article-title":"Determining tree height and crown diameter from high-resolution UAV imagery","volume":"38","author":"Panagiotidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cucchiaro, S., Fallu, D.J., Zhang, H., Walsh, K., Van Oost, K., Brown, A.G., and Tarolli, P. (2020). Multiplatform-SfM and TLS data fusion for monitoring agricultural terraces in complex topographic and landcover conditions. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-3459"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganz, S., K\u00e4ber, Y., and Adler, P. (2019). Measuring tree height with remote sensing\u2014A comparison of photogrammetric and LiDAR data with different field measurements. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10080694"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.01.006","article-title":"Automatic identification of agricultural terraces through object-oriented analysis of very high resolution DSMs and multispectral imagery obtained from an unmanned aerial vehicle","volume":"134","author":"Angileri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4786","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1434329","article-title":"Estimation of positions and heights from UAV-sensed imagery in tree plantations in agrosilvopastoral systems","volume":"39","author":"Panagiotidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonzo, M., Andersen, H.-E., Morton, D.C., and Cook, B.D. (2018). Quantifying boreal forest structure and composition using UAV structure from motion. Forests, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/f9030119"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.11.004","article-title":"Predicting lidar measured forest vertical structure from multi-angle spectral data","volume":"100","author":"Kimes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., and Ni-Meister, W. (2019). Forest canopy height and gaps using BRDF index assessed with airborne lidar data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212566"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2022.127489","article-title":"Comparison of UAV-based LiDAR and digital aerial photogrammetry for measuring crown-level canopy height in the urban environment","volume":"69","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"108","article-title":"3D-indices for the analysis of spatial patterns of landscape structure","volume":"12","author":"Hoechstetter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. InterCarto\u2013InterGIS"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808320949885","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between spatial morphology characteristics and scenic beauty preference of landscape open space unit by using point cloud data","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2022.104585","article-title":"Development and application of 3D spatial metrics using point clouds for landscape visual quality assessment","volume":"228","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00f6cker, C., Bennett, R., Nex, F., Gerke, M., and Zevenbergen, J. (2017). Review of the Current State of UAV Regulations. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050459"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107170","article-title":"Evaluating the disparities in urban green space provision in communities with diverse built environments: The case of a rapidly urbanizing Chinese city","volume":"183","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2017.05.022","article-title":"Measuring landscape pattern in three dimensional space","volume":"167","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101549","article-title":"Estimating quality of life dimensions from urban spatial pattern metrics","volume":"85","author":"Sapena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1023\/B:RUPP.0000028690.74805.e2","article-title":"Generation of Negative Air Ions by Plants upon Pulsed Electrical Stimulation Applied to Soil","volume":"51","author":"Tikhonov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Russ. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159952","article-title":"Greenspace and children\u2019s lung function in China: A cross-sectional study between 2013 and 2015","volume":"858","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138229","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between 2D\/3D landscape pattern and land surface temperature based on explainable eXtreme Gradient Boosting tree: A case study of Shanghai, China","volume":"725","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/13615930120086032","article-title":"A Study of Green Space and its Changes in Hong Kong Using NDVI","volume":"5","author":"Fung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geogr. Environ. Model."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106192","article-title":"Quantifying the green view indicator for assessing urban greening quality: An analysis based on Internet-crawling street view data","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susaki, J., and Kubota, S. (2017). Automatic Assessment of Green Space Ratio in Urban Areas from Mobile Scanning Data. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030215"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126846","article-title":"Window view and relaxation: Viewing green space from a high-rise estate improves urban dwellers\u2019 wellbeing","volume":"55","author":"Elsadek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2022.101923","article-title":"Design by nature: The influence of windows on cognitive performance and affect","volume":"85","author":"Sharam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1089\/eco.2021.0032","article-title":"Window Access to Nature Restores: A Virtual Reality Experiment with Greenspace Views, Sounds, and Smells","volume":"14","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecopsychology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2016.04.004","article-title":"View-based greenery: A three-dimensional assessment of city buildings\u2019 green visibility using Floor Green View Index","volume":"152","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45571","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45571","article-title":"Ecological connectivity in the three-dimensional urban green volume using waveform airborne lidar","volume":"7","author":"Casalegno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(02)00205-3","article-title":"Spatial prediction of species distribution: An interface between ecological theory and statistical modelling","volume":"157","author":"Austin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/col.22272","article-title":"The aid of colour on visuospatial navigation of elderly people in a virtual polyclinic environment","volume":"43","year":"2018","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20201456","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1456","article-title":"Does conspicuousness scale linearly with colour distance? A test using reef fish","volume":"287","author":"Santiago","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.08.017","article-title":"Plant species or flower colour diversity? Identifying the drivers of public and invertebrate response to designed annual meadows","volume":"180","author":"Hoyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.04.007","article-title":"Development of the Neighbourhood Green Space Tool (NGST)","volume":"106","author":"Gidlow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennings, V., and Bamkole, O. (2019). The Relationship between Social Cohesion and Urban Green Space: An Avenue for Health Promotion. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030452"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8009","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120708009","article-title":"Disparities in quality of park play spaces between two cities with diverse income and race\/ethnicity composition: A pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Jenkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.10.018","article-title":"Development and Testing of a Community Stakeholder Park Audit Tool","volume":"42","author":"Kaczynski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2011.05.018","article-title":"Time frequency source separation and direction of arrival estimation in a 3D soundscape environment","volume":"74","author":"Bunting","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114387","article-title":"The evaluation of the 3-30-300 green space rule and mental health","volume":"215","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/6\/1543\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:52:52Z","timestamp":1760122372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/6\/1543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15061543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15061543","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]]}}}