{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T16:08:38Z","timestamp":1768147718368,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41890822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41890822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDA23040304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23040304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M703178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M703178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42101043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101043"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["41890822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41890822"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA23040304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23040304"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2021M703178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M703178"]}]},{"name":"Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["42101043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101043"]}]},{"name":"Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["41890822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41890822"]}]},{"name":"Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["XDA23040304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23040304"]}]},{"name":"Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2021M703178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M703178"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the fact that gross primary productivity (GPP) and water use efficiency (WUE) have been widely used as indicators to evaluate the water-carbon cycle, uncertainties exist in the patterns of GPP and WUE responses to climate variability along different aridity gradients. In this study, the aridity index was used to divide China into four arid-humid zones. The spatiotemporal variability of multiple vegetation types GPP and WUE in response to climate change under different arid-humid zones were investigated based on remote sensing data. The results indicated that the increasing trend of WUE in the four arid-humid zones of China was less pronounced than GPP from 2001 to 2021. The GPP value decreased gradually from the humid to the arid zone, and the WUE value in the arid zone was slightly higher than in the semi-arid zone. The GPP of all vegetation types in China showed a tendency to increase, while shrubland and wetland WUE tended to decrease. The major vegetation types (e.g., forest, cropland and grassland) in each aridity gradient contributed to the changes in local GPP and WUE. However, in individual arid-humid zones, wetland and shrubland also exhibited high GPP and WUE values that were not inferior to forest and cropland. Temperature and precipitation were the main climatic factors responsible for the increase in vegetation GPP in different aridity gradients, with a higher positive correlation for temperature than precipitation. WUE showed a distinct positive and negative correlation with the thermal factors (temperature and net radiation) and the moisture factors (precipitation and relative humidity); this pattern was more pronounced in the humid and semi-humid zones. Net radiation and precipitation may be the main climatic factors causing a slight upward trend in WUE across the arid-humid zones, while the decrease in shrubland and wetland WUE may be related to relative humidity and precipitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T06:09:56Z","timestamp":1678687796000},"page":"1563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Identifying the Responses of Vegetation Gross Primary Productivity and Water Use Efficiency to Climate Change under Different Aridity Gradients across China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1042-6211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China"}]},{"given":"Feiyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105967","article-title":"Vegetation and climate zones based carbon use efficiency variation and the main determinants analysis in China","volume":"111","author":"Chuai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. 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