{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T01:59:42Z","timestamp":1772675982818,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Space Agency","award":["2020-31-HH.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-31-HH.0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present the results of a systematic study of the ionospheric electric field in the Auroral Oval (AO) region in the southern hemisphere. We exploit one year of electric field measurements taken by the Electric Field Detector (EFD) on board the Chinese Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite-01 (CSES-01), flying at around 500 km altitude in a sun-synchronous orbit. We exploit the high temporal resolution of the EFD to devise a new technique for the detection of CSES-01 crossing of the AO using electric field measurements only. This new technique combines a Median-Weighted Local Variance Measure with Fast Iterative Filtering to automatically isolate high levels of electromagnetic activity caused by, e.g., particle precipitation and Field Aligned Currents (FACs) at auroral latitudes. We validate this new method against other standard proxies, such as the single-FAC product from the Swarm mission and the auroral radiance emission measured by the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) units on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) constellation. Furthermore, we identify \u223c3000 orbits (out of a dataset of \u223c10,000) where CSES-01 crosses the AO boundary under conditions of high geomagnetic activity. This dataset represents the first step in the systematic study of the auroral electric field, with many potential applications to space weather, thanks to the large amount of continuous observations of the ionosphere by CSES-01 and the forthcoming CSES-02 mission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T02:33:36Z","timestamp":1678761216000},"page":"1568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detecting the Auroral Oval through CSES-01 Electric Field Measurements in the Ionosphere"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7969-7415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Papini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali\u2014INAF, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5207-2944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Piersanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali\u2014INAF, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Dell\u2019Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9214-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali\u2014INAF, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8107-9624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cicone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali\u2014INAF, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze dell\u2019Informazione e Matematica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Dell\u2019Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5260-416X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Bertello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali\u2014INAF, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-3288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Parmentier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali\u2014INAF, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare\u2014Sezione di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8279-020X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali\u2014INAF, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Ubertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali\u2014INAF, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3403-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Consolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali\u2014INAF, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2669-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeren","family":"Zhima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-018-9487-x","article-title":"The Earth\u2019s Magnetosphere: A Systems Science Overview and Assessment","volume":"39","author":"Borovsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv. 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