{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T09:22:06Z","timestamp":1775380926571,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)","award":["42470VA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42470VA"]}]},{"name":"NRF (National Research Foundation)","award":["42470VA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42470VA"]}]},{"name":"South Africa\/France PROTEA Program","award":["42470VA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42470VA"]}]},{"name":"Reunion Regional Council (Conseil G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de La R\u00e9union)","award":["42470VA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42470VA"]}]},{"name":"LACy (Laboratoire de l\u2019Atmosph\u00e8re et des Cyclones)","award":["42470VA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42470VA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fires occur seasonally in Southern Africa, from June to November, increasing tropospheric aerosol loading and triggering harmful consequences for the environment and human health. This study aims to examine 13 years of aerosol optical characteristics and types over Southern Africa and Reunion Island. Using AERONET sun photometers and MODIS observations, we found that a high aerosol optical depth and Angstr\u00f6m exponent are associated with two predominant types of aerosols (biomass burning\/urban industrial and mixed type) throughout the spring season. According to CALIOP observations, the major aerosol types with occurrence frequencies above 10% are polluted continental\/smoke, polluted dust, and elevated smoke, whereas dust, clean continental, and dusty marine have occurrence frequencies below 1%. In comparison to other seasons, the vertical profiles of elevated smoke have different shapes in spring, with a seasonal shift in the peak altitude (from 3\u20134 km), when fire activity is at its maximum. At these altitudes, the northern regions presented occurrence frequencies of 32% on average, while lower values were found for the southern or farthest regions (&lt;10\u201320% on average). The Lagrangian HYSPLIT model back-trajectories demonstrated eastward transport, with air masses from South America and the Atlantic Ocean that recirculate around the study sites. The aerosols are mainly derived from active biomass burning areas near the study sites and, to a lesser extent, from remote sources such as South America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T06:57:11Z","timestamp":1678777031000},"page":"1581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Aerosol Optical Properties and Types over Southern Africa and Reunion Island Determined from Ground-Based and Satellite Observations over a 13-Year Period (2008\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1841-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Ranaivombola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de l\u2019Atmosph\u00e8re et des Cyclones (LACy), UMR 8105 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France, F-97400 Saint-Denis de La R\u00e9union, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0720-9205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"B\u00e8gue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de l\u2019Atmosph\u00e8re et des Cyclones (LACy), UMR 8105 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France, F-97400 Saint-Denis de La R\u00e9union, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1815-0667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Bencherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de l\u2019Atmosph\u00e8re et des Cyclones (LACy), UMR 8105 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France, F-97400 Saint-Denis de La R\u00e9union, France"},{"name":"The Discipline of Physics, School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1602-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tristan","family":"Millet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de l\u2019Atmosph\u00e8re et des Cyclones (LACy), UMR 8105 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France, F-97400 Saint-Denis de La R\u00e9union, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2462-681X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkataraman","family":"Sivakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Discipline of Physics, School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"},{"name":"National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6589-0441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentin","family":"Duflot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de l\u2019Atmosph\u00e8re et des Cyclones (LACy), UMR 8105 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France, F-97400 Saint-Denis de La R\u00e9union, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0332-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de l\u2019Atmosph\u00e8re et des Cyclones (LACy), UMR 8105 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France, F-97400 Saint-Denis de La R\u00e9union, France"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, CU Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"},{"name":"NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9120-2481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nkanyiso","family":"Mbatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2804-879X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart","family":"Piketh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0372-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Formenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2415-4368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Goloub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 8518\u2014LOA\u2014Laboratoire 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