{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:56:39Z","timestamp":1783101399796,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U20A2099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2099"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41906014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906014"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41976017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41976017"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42106012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42106012"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC3105002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3105002"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["U20A2099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2099"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["41906014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906014"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["41976017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41976017"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42106012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42106012"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC3105002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3105002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface waves perform a crucial role in modulating tropical cyclone (TC) systems and have proved to be key for numerical TC predictions. In this study, we investigate the effects of wave-induced mixing and wave-affected surface exchange coefficients using a coupled ocean\u2013atmosphere\u2013wave model for two real TC cases: Shanshan (2018) and Megi (2010). The results demonstrate that wave-affected surface exchange coefficients enhance air\u2013sea heat fluxes and have a significantly positive effect on simulated TC intensity, size, and strengthening process. In contrast, the wave-induced mixing has a negative impact on TC intensity and size and is not conducive to TC intensification and maintenance. The net effect of these two factors is a balance between the wave-affected positive contribution and the negative contribution from wave-induced sea surface temperature cooling. We find that the effect of wave-induced mixing on a TC system depends on the local thermal structure of the ocean. When the thermocline is weak and there is warm water at the wave-induced mixing penetration depth, the negative effect of the wave-induced mixing is weak. However, when there is cold subsurface water and a strong thermocline, wave-induced mixing has a significant impact, which exceeds the wave-driven positive feedback.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T04:39:45Z","timestamp":1678855185000},"page":"1594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of Surface Wave-Induced Mixing and Wave-Affected Exchange Coefficients on Tropical Cyclones"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wenqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES), Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Municipal Marine Development and Promotion Center, 17 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES), Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5692-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES), Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2042-7813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changlong","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES), Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-20-0059.1","article-title":"Recent Progress in Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasting at the National Hurricane Center","volume":"35","author":"Cangialosi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00240.1","article-title":"Is Tropical Cyclone Intensity Guidance Improving?","volume":"95","author":"DeMaria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. 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