{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T11:22:58Z","timestamp":1780917778335,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42172233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42172233"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42020301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42020301"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2016ZT06N331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZT06N331"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&amp;D Team of Geological Processes and Natural Disasters around the South China Sea","award":["42172233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42172233"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&amp;D Team of Geological Processes and Natural Disasters around the South China Sea","award":["42020301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42020301"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&amp;D Team of Geological Processes and Natural Disasters around the South China Sea","award":["2016ZT06N331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZT06N331"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Tian Shan is one of the most active intracontinental orogenic belts in the world. It has undergone complex deformation that has resulted in the formation of several fold-and-thrust belts (FTBs) in the piedmonts and intermontane basins. Investigating the deformation histories of these FTBs is important for understanding the tectonic propagation processes of the Tian Shan. Here, we gain insight into these crustal shortening processes by deciphering the Houyanshan structure, a typical fold-thrust belt in the eastern Chinese Tian Shan. We first describe a curved thrust ramp and related fold pairs of the structure using high-resolution remote sensing photography, deformation of fluvial terraces, and field-based geological cross-section. Combined with deformed terrace records and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results, the kinematic style allows us to yield a geologic shortening rate of 1.6 \u00b1 0.2 mm\/a since ~52 ka. Second, to reduce uncertainty in the seismic interpretation and quantify the amount and time of crustal shortening, we interpret three seismic reflection profiles by using the theory of quantitative fault-related fold, area-depth-strain (ADS), and reverse modeling analyses. These profiles provide direct evidence that this structure connects by means of a listric thrust ramp to a shallow detachment level. ADS analysis reveals that the maximum shortening of the Huoyanshan structure is ~4.5 km, which is consistent with the result of quantitative inverse modeling. Each of the structural analysis methods gives similar parameters, and the high consistency of results greatly improves the soundness of a given geologic interpretation. Finally, the shortening rate and total shortening amount suggest that the structure may have formed at 1.8\u20133.7 Ma, which is nearly synchronous around the Tibetan Plateau. Together, these results indicate that this combined geological and geomorphological analysis provides greater insight into deformation information than can be achieved by any individual technique in studying fold-and-thrust belts worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T02:40:11Z","timestamp":1678934411000},"page":"1603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Quaternary Crustal Shortening of the Houyanshan Structure in the Eastern Chinese Tian Shan: Constrained from Geological and Geomorphological Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weitao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peizhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanyong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Design Institute Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510620, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiancan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1847","article-title":"Tectonic development of Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt","volume":"49","author":"Armstrong","year":"1965","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"337","article-title":"Structure, seismic data, and orogenic evolution of southern Canadian Rocky Mountains","volume":"14","author":"Bally","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bull. 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