{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T15:17:06Z","timestamp":1769095026756,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42106231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42106231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42176180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2803302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021B08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42106231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42106231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42176180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2803302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021B08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["42106231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42106231"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["42176180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176180"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2021YFC2803302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803302"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2021B08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Landfast sea ice (LFSI) refers to sea ice attached to the shoreline with little or no horizonal motion in contrast to drifting sea ice. The LFSI plays an important role in the Arctic marine environmental and biological systems. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately monitor the spatiotemporal changes in the LFSI distribution. Here we present an automatic LFSI retrieval method for the Laptev Sea, eastern Arctic Ocean, based on a conditional generative adversarial network Pix2Pix using the true-color images of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The spatial resolution of the derived product is 1.25 km, with a temporal interval of 7 days. Compared to the manually identified data from the true-color images of MODIS, the average precision of the LFSI area derived from LFSI mapping model reaches 91.4%, with the recall reaching 98.7% and F1-score reaching 94.5%. The LFSI coverage is consistent with the traditional large-scale LFSI products, but provides more details. Intraseasonal and interannual variations in LFSI area of the Laptev Sea in spring (March\u2013May) during the period of 2002\u20132021 are investigated using the new product. The spring LFSI area in this region decreases at a rate of 0.67 \u00d7 103 km2 per year during this period (R2 = 0.117, p &lt; 0.01). According to the spatial and temporal changes, we conclude that the LFSI is becoming more stable while the area is shrinking. The method is fully-automatic and computationally efficient, which can be further applied to the entire Arctic Ocean for LFSI identification and monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T02:40:11Z","timestamp":1678934411000},"page":"1610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Automated Identification of Landfast Sea Ice in the Laptev Sea from the True-Color MODIS Images Using the Method of Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Polar Science of the MNR, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 201209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengxi","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Polar Science of the MNR, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 201209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruibo","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Polar Science of the MNR, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 201209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Integration Applications in Remote Sensing and Navigation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Collaborative Navigation\/Positioning and Smart Application, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0102-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinshan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2234","article-title":"Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather","volume":"7","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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