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Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, is facing a severe challenge related to eutrophication, which seriously threatens the delivery of the ecosystem service and the safety of drinking water. To address this challenge, Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data for the Poyang Lake Basin (PLB) from May 2013 to December 2020 were used. Since inland water bodies with complex optical characteristics, we developed a semi-analytical algorithm to assess the trophic state of the water based on two cruise field measurements in 2016 and 2019. Combining the semi-analytical trophic level index (TLI) with an atmospheric correction model is the most suitable model for OLI images of the PLB, this model was then applied to Landsat-8 time series observations. The trends of the trophic state of water bodies in PLB were revealed, and the annual, quarterly and monthly percentages of eutrophic water bodies were calculated. Natural and anthropogenic factors were then used to explain the changes in the trophic state of the PLB waters. The main findings are as follows: (1) From the 8-year observation results, it can be seen that the variation of trophic level of water in PLB showed obviously spatial and temporal variations, characterized by higher in the north than in the south and higher in winter than in summer. (2) Temperature promoted the growth of harmful algae and plays an essential role in affecting changes in the trophic level of the water. (3) Changes in the trophic level of water bodies in PLB were mainly affected by human activities. The results of spatial and temporal variation of the trophic level of water and the driving factors in PLB can extend our knowledge of water quality degradation and provide essential references for relevant policy-making institutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T02:29:59Z","timestamp":1679020199000},"page":"1618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Estimating Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Activities on Trophic Level of Inland Water: Analysis of Poyang Lake Basin, China, with Landsat-8 Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Solid Waste Recycling, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment of Education Ministry, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhubin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Solid Waste Recycling, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4138-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaohua","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Solid Waste Recycling, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5249-6197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Basin Ecological Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Yangtze River Basin Ecological Environment Supervision and Administration Bureau, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Wuhan 430010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0381-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tourism and Urban & Rural Planning, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Solid Waste Recycling, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment of Education Ministry, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8380-0326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Solid Waste Recycling, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118438","article-title":"Molecular-level composition of dissolved organic matter in distinct trophic states in Chinese lakes: Implications for eutrophic lake management and the global carbon cycle","volume":"217","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Xu, S., Song, K., Kutser, T., Wen, Z., Liu, G., Shang, Y., Lyu, L., Tao, H., and Wang, X. 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