{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:58:48Z","timestamp":1784822328312,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China Projects","award":["41876105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41876105"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China Projects","award":["41371436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371436"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China Projects","award":["202300410535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202300410535"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China Projects","award":["212108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212108"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province","award":["41876105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41876105"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province","award":["41371436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371436"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province","award":["202300410535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202300410535"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province","award":["212108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212108"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["41876105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41876105"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["41371436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371436"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["202300410535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202300410535"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["212108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212108"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The new generation of spaceborne laser altimeter, the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2), which can simultaneously generate laser reflections on the water surface and underwater, is a potential data source for exploring water depth in nearshore environments. To achieve this scientific goal, accurate bathymetric photon extraction is needed. This study proposed a pre-pruning quadtree isolation (PQI) method with changing threshold. Firstly, the pre-pruning step is introduced. Photons are transformed into different levels in the isolated quadtree structure according to spatial density. Then, the frequency histogram of photon elevation and isolated level (IL) is generated, the IL thresholds in different depth ranges are calculated by the Otsu method, and the bathymetric photons are extracted. The results in the Culebra archive show that this method achieved a 92.71% F1 score. Noise rate and water depth are the main factors affecting the extraction of sounding photons. When the photon density gradually increases from 2\u20134 pts\/m to 6\u20138 pts\/m, the F1 score of PQI decreases by no more than two percent. In different depth ranges, the extraction results of PQI are also better than those of comparison methods. Therefore, PQI can provide reliable theoretical support for nearshore areas lacking water depth data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T03:09:37Z","timestamp":1679281777000},"page":"1629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A Pre-Pruning Quadtree Isolation Method with Changing Threshold for ICESat-2 Bathymetric Photon Extraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Guoping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatiotemporal Perception and Intelligent Processing, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geo-Information Technology for Smart Central Plains, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatiotemporal Perception and Intelligent Processing, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geo-Information Technology for Smart Central Plains, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9860-0650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dandi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152509","article-title":"Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification","volume":"318","author":"Mumby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.09.011","article-title":"Coral reef geomorphology of the Spratly Islands: A simple method based on time-series of Landsat-8 multi-band inundation maps","volume":"157","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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