{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:14:51Z","timestamp":1768263291717,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Fund for Meteorology, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the China Meteorological Administration","award":["U2242212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2242212"]}]},{"name":"Joint Fund for Meteorology, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the China Meteorological Administration","award":["2021YFC2803300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803300"]}]},{"name":"Joint Fund for Meteorology, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the China Meteorological Administration","award":["2021YFC2803303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803303"]}]},{"name":"Joint Fund for Meteorology, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the China Meteorological Administration","award":["SAST2021-032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAST2021-032"]}]},{"name":"Joint Fund for Meteorology, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the China Meteorological Administration","award":["101086386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086386"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["U2242212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2242212"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC2803300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803300"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC2803303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803303"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["SAST2021-032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAST2021-032"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["101086386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086386"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["U2242212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2242212"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["2021YFC2803300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803300"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["2021YFC2803303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803303"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["SAST2021-032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAST2021-032"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["101086386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086386"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation program HORIZON-MSCA-2021-SE-01-0","award":["U2242212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2242212"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation program HORIZON-MSCA-2021-SE-01-0","award":["2021YFC2803300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803300"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation program HORIZON-MSCA-2021-SE-01-0","award":["2021YFC2803303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803303"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation program HORIZON-MSCA-2021-SE-01-0","award":["SAST2021-032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAST2021-032"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation program HORIZON-MSCA-2021-SE-01-0","award":["101086386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086386"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a new technique is proposed to retrieve temperature and relative humidity profiles under clear sky conditions in the Arctic region based on the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm using Fengyun-3D (FY-3D) vertical atmospheric sounder suit (VASS: HIRAS, MWTS-II, and MWHS-II) observations. This technology combines infrared (IR) and microwave (MW) observations to improve retrieval accuracy in the middle and low troposphere by reducing the sensitivity of the neural networks (NNs) to cloud coverage. The approach was compared against other methods available in the literature on retrieving profiles only from FY-3D\/HIRAS data. Furthermore, its retrieval performance was tested by comparing the NNs\u2019 prediction accuracy versus the corresponding FY-3D\/VASS and Aqua\/AIRS L2 products. The results showed that: (1) NNs retrieval accuracy is higher during the warm season and over the ocean; (2) the retrieval accuracy of NNs has been significantly improved compared with satellite L2 products; (3) referring to radiosonde observations, the retrieval accuracy of NNs below 600 hPa is effectively improved by adding the information of the MW channel, especially on land where cloud clearing is more difficult. The root mean square error (RMSE) of temperature and relative humidity in the cold season were reduced by 0.3 K and 2%, respectively. The advanced NNs proposed herein offer a more stable retrieval performance compared with NNs built only by FY-3D\/HIRAS data. The study results indicated the potential value in time and space domain of the NN algorithm in retrieving temperature and relative humidity profiles of the Arctic region from FY-3D\/VASS observations under clear-sky conditions. All in all, this work enhances our knowledge towards improving operational use of FY-3D satellite data in the Arctic region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T03:09:37Z","timestamp":1679281777000},"page":"1648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Temperature and Relative Humidity Profile Retrieval from Fengyun-3D\/VASS in the Arctic Region Using Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Air Traffic Management Station, Civil Aviation of China, Wenzhou 325000, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, CMA Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Yangzi River Channel Management Office, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1442-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George P.","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University of Athens, EI. Venizelou 70, Kallithea, 17671 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Yansong","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, CMA Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Qifeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, Shanghai 201109, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2843-165X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s40641-016-0051-9","article-title":"Recent Advances in Arctic Cloud and Climate Research","volume":"2","author":"Kay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. 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