{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T18:09:25Z","timestamp":1773511765598,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SmartSat Cooperative Research Centre","award":["No. 2.13s"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2.13s"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autonomous navigation (AN) and manoeuvring are increasingly important in distributed satellite systems (DSS) in order to avoid potential collisions with space debris and other resident space objects (RSO). In order to accomplish collision avoidance manoeuvres, tracking and characterization of RSO is crucial. At present, RSO are tracked and catalogued using ground-based observations, but space-based space surveillance (SBSS) represents a valid alternative (or complementary asset) due to its ability to offer enhanced performances in terms of sensor resolution, tracking accuracy, and weather independence. This paper proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for DSS AN and manoeuvring, specifically addressing RSO tracking and collision avoidance requirements as an integral part of the overall system design. More specifically, a DSS architecture employing hyperspectral sensors for Earth observation is considered, and passive electro-optical sensors are used, in conjunction with suitable mathematical algorithms, to accomplish autonomous RSO tracking and classification. Simulation case studies are performed to investigate the tracking and system collision avoidance capabilities in both space-based and ground-based tracking scenarios. Results corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed AN technique and highlight its potential to supplement either conventional (ground-based) or SBSS tracking methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T09:10:04Z","timestamp":1679476204000},"page":"1714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Passive Electro-Optical Tracking of Resident Space Objects for Distributed Satellite Systems Autonomous Navigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5918-2588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaja Faisal","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3401-9493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathiravan","family":"Thangavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Aerospace Engineering and Aviation, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"},{"name":"Sir Lawrence Wackett Defence and Aerospace Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"},{"name":"SmartSat Cooperative Research Centre, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4995-4166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Gardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Aerospace Engineering and Aviation, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"},{"name":"Sir Lawrence Wackett Defence and Aerospace Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"},{"name":"SmartSat Cooperative Research Centre, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3399-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Sabatini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Aerospace Engineering and Aviation, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"},{"name":"Sir Lawrence Wackett Defence and Aerospace Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"},{"name":"SmartSat Cooperative Research Centre, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, July 16). Space Environment Statistics Space Debris User Portal. Available online: https:\/\/sdup.esoc.esa.int\/discosweb\/statistics\/."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2010","article-title":"The Kessler Syndrome: Implications to Future Space operations","volume":"137","author":"Kessler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Astronaut. 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