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To address this issue, we propose a method combining deep learning preprocessing and reverse time migration (RTM) imaging. Our preprocessing approach introduces a novel deep learning framework for GPR clutter, enhancing the network\u2019s feature-capture capability for target signals through the integration of a contextual feature fusion module (CFFM) and an enhanced spatial attention module (ESAM). The superiority and effectiveness of our algorithm are demonstrated by RTM imaging comparisons using synthetic and laboratory data. The processing of actual road data further confirms the algorithm\u2019s significant potential for practical engineering applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T02:34:54Z","timestamp":1679625294000},"page":"1729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Deep Learning for Improved Subsurface Imaging: Enhancing GPR Clutter Removal Performance Using Contextual Feature Fusion and Enhanced Spatial Attention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6780-6453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaohu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gold Leaf Production and Mamufacturing Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1066-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwei","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solla, M., P\u00e9rez-Gracia, V., and Fontul, S. 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