{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T20:52:46Z","timestamp":1775163166901,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Roadmap for Scientific Infrastructure 2017\u20132023","award":["DO1-404\/18.12.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DO1-404\/18.12.2020"]}]},{"name":"National Roadmap for Scientific Infrastructure 2017\u20132023","award":["BG05M2OP001-1.001-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG05M2OP001-1.001-0003"]}]},{"name":"National Roadmap for Scientific Infrastructure 2017\u20132023","award":["206 \/07.04.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206 \/07.04.2022"]}]},{"name":"Science and Education for Smart Growth Operational Program","award":["DO1-404\/18.12.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DO1-404\/18.12.2020"]}]},{"name":"Science and Education for Smart Growth Operational Program","award":["BG05M2OP001-1.001-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG05M2OP001-1.001-0003"]}]},{"name":"Science and Education for Smart Growth Operational Program","award":["206 \/07.04.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206 \/07.04.2022"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European structural and Investment funds","award":["DO1-404\/18.12.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DO1-404\/18.12.2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European structural and Investment funds","award":["BG05M2OP001-1.001-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG05M2OP001-1.001-0003"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European structural and Investment funds","award":["206 \/07.04.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206 \/07.04.2022"]}]},{"name":"Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science under the National Research Program \u201cYoung scientists and postdoctoral students-2\u201d","award":["DO1-404\/18.12.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DO1-404\/18.12.2020"]}]},{"name":"Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science under the National Research Program \u201cYoung scientists and postdoctoral students-2\u201d","award":["BG05M2OP001-1.001-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG05M2OP001-1.001-0003"]}]},{"name":"Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science under the National Research Program \u201cYoung scientists and postdoctoral students-2\u201d","award":["206 \/07.04.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206 \/07.04.2022"]}]},{"name":"DCM","award":["DO1-404\/18.12.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DO1-404\/18.12.2020"]}]},{"name":"DCM","award":["BG05M2OP001-1.001-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG05M2OP001-1.001-0003"]}]},{"name":"DCM","award":["206 \/07.04.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206 \/07.04.2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present work examines the spatial and temporal distribution of positive and negative TEC anomalies on the global and regional scale. To study the local response of the ionosphere, foF2 data from ground ionosonde stations and TEC data from Madrigal and CODE databases have been used. The relative deviation, which also determines the type of TEC response during geomagnetic storms on 3 and 4 February 2022, is considered. In the present study, the regions of positive and negative TEC anomalies and their evolution during storms are examined in detail. As a result of the study, estimates of the following were obtained: (i) the location of the sectors of the polar regions, in where the particle precipitation from the solar wind is observed, (ii) the mid-latitude regions, in which the mechanism of influence of the O\/N2 ratio dominates, and (iii) the region around the equator, in which the influence of the electric field dominates. An attempt was made to determine which mechanism of influence of geomagnetic storms on the ionospheric electron density is dominant in different regions. The following main mechanisms are considered: (a) the additional ionization from the particles\u2019 precipitation, (b) the change of the ratio of atomic oxygen (O) to molecular nitrogen (N2) due to the heating of the neutral air, and (c) the influence on the equatorial ionospheric anomaly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T02:34:54Z","timestamp":1679625294000},"page":"1739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Global and Regional Ionospheric Responses during Two Geomagnetic Storms on 3 and 4 February 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9560-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rumiana","family":"Bojilova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography\u2014Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"given":"Plamen","family":"Mukhtarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography\u2014Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Saakian, A. (2020). Radio Wave Propagation Fundamentals, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Shankar, J. (2007). Analysis of the Day Side Equatorial Anomaly, Utah State University."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.1029\/93JA02867","article-title":"What is a geomagnetic storm","volume":"99","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamide, Y., and Chian, A. (2007). 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