{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T15:37:38Z","timestamp":1767713858684,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]],"date-time":"2023-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA2006020202","42201037","2022M713122","E2S20001Y5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA2006020202","42201037","2022M713122","E2S20001Y5"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDA2006020202","42201037","2022M713122","E2S20001Y5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA2006020202","42201037","2022M713122","E2S20001Y5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDA2006020202","42201037","2022M713122","E2S20001Y5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA2006020202","42201037","2022M713122","E2S20001Y5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"hinese Scholarship Council, the Special Research Assistant Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA2006020202","42201037","2022M713122","E2S20001Y5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA2006020202","42201037","2022M713122","E2S20001Y5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite radar altimetry has been widely utilized in hydrological research, particularly with the advent of Sentinel-3, a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) altimeter operating globally and equipped with an innovative onboard tracking system referred to as the open-loop tracking command (OLTC). Utilizing a pseudo-DEM (Digital Elevation Model), controlled through the OLTC, holds significant promise for the reliable observation of inland water bodies. Nevertheless, the complex geographical conditions in high mountain and reservoir river basins pose challenges in defining an appropriate pseudo-DEM for hydrological targets, potentially leading to reduced performance of Sentinel-3. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the performance of Sentinel-3 by selecting the Lancang and Nu River basins in southwest China as a case study. These two rivers have a similar natural environment, but cascade reservoirs distinguish the Lancang River basin. By analyzing waveform energy from echoes of virtual stations (VSs) in both river basins (27 VSs in the Lancang River basin and 39 VSs in the Nu River basin), the performance of Sentinel-3 in different tracking modes and OLTC versions were compared. The results indicated that the detection rate of Sentinel-3A increased when transitioning from the closed-loop mode to the open-loop mode and with the implementation of newer OLTC versions (36.8% increased to 47.4%, 60.5%, and 63.2% in OLTC V5.0, V6.0, and V6.1, respectively). Similarly, the detection rate of Sentinel-3B rose from 64.3% (OLTC V2.0) to 71.4% and 75.0% in OLTC V3.0 and V3.1, respectively. Additionally, the cascade reservoir causing river channel expansion results in a better performance of Sentinel-3A in the Lancang River compared to the Nu River in the closed-loop mode (13.0% and 35.7%, respectively). Nevertheless, the considerable fluctuations in water surface caused by reservoir impoundment led to a wrong pseudo-DEM, resulting in poor performance of Sentinel-3 in reservoir regions before OLTC V6.0 was updated. The detection rate of low altitude, broad water surfaces (&gt;500 m) decreased from 100% in a closed-loop mode to 0% in an open-loop mode, but increased to 100% in OLTC V6.0 and V6.1, respectively. The detection rate of high altitude, narrow water surfaces (&lt;500 m) increased from 0% in a closed-loop mode to 40.9% in OLTC V6.1. Although the detection ability of Sentinel-3 is improving with the implementation of newer OLTC versions, the seasonal variations (usually more than 60 m) of water levels in reservoirs exceeded the size of the range window (60 m), rendering a complete measurement impossible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T02:18:27Z","timestamp":1679883507000},"page":"1769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["On the Performance of Sentinel-3 Altimetry over High Mountain and Cascade Reservoirs Basins: Case of the Lancang and Nu River Basins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6119-9322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingxing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.11.063","article-title":"Monitoring of lake level changes on the Tibetan Plateau and Tian Shan by retracking Cryosat SARIn waveforms","volume":"521","author":"Kleinherenbrink","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.10.023","article-title":"Validation of CryoSat-2 SAR mode based lake levels","volume":"171","author":"Nielsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Song, C., Zhan, P., and Fan, C. (2023). Densifying and Optimizing the Water Level Series for Large Lakes from Multi-Orbit ICESat-2 Observations. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030780"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, B., Gao, P., Mu, X., and Zhao, G. (2023). Water Area Variation and River\u2013Lake Interactions in the Poyang Lake from 1977\u20132021. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030600"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s40899-021-00527-7","article-title":"Surface water dynamics analysis based on sentinel imagery and Google Earth Engine Platform: A case study of Jayakwadi dam","volume":"7","author":"Kandekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.04.007","article-title":"The use of remote sensing-derived water surface data for hydraulic model calibration","volume":"149","author":"Domeneghetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, R., Rawat, M., Wani, G.F., Ahmad, S.T., Ahmed, P., Jain, S.K., Meraj, G., Mir, R.A., Rather, A.F., and Farooq, M. (2022). Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard and Risk Assessment of Gangabal Lake in the Upper Jhelum Basin of Kashmir Himalaya Using Geospatial Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14235957"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Z., Li, X., Huang, C., Chen, W., Hou, B., Li, X., Han, W., Hou, P., Han, J., and Ren, C. (2023). Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Medium and Low-Temperature Geothermal Water in Wuhan Based on Hydrochemical Characteristics. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15020227"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-014-3364-y","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of water vapor content during 1961\u20132011 in Tianshan Mountains, China","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125473","article-title":"Assimilation of future SWOT-based river elevations, surface extent observations and discharge estimations into uncertain global hydrological models","volume":"590","author":"Biancamaria","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.11.024","article-title":"Monitoring recent lake level variations on the Tibetan Plateau using CryoSat-2 SARIn mode data","volume":"544","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-25-333-2021","article-title":"Sentinel-3 radar altimetry for river monitoring\u2014A catchment-scale evaluation of satellite water surface elevation from Sentinel-3A and Sentinel-3B","volume":"25","author":"Kittel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.03.019","article-title":"Estimating continental river basin discharges using multiple remote sensing data sets","volume":"179","author":"Sichangi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160656","article-title":"Flow regime changes in the Lancang River, revealed by integrated modeling with multiple Earth observation datasets","volume":"862","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.10.058","article-title":"Geomorphic status of regulated rivers in the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"508","author":"Lobera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5015","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-26-5015-2022","article-title":"Three hypotheses on changing river flood hazards","volume":"26","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debnath, J., Sahariah, D., Lahon, D., Nath, N., Chand, K., Meraj, G., Farooq, M., Kumar, P., Kanga, S., and Singh, S.K. (Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 2022). Geospatial modeling to assess the past and future land use-land cover changes in the Brahmaputra Valley, NE India, for sustainable land resource management, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24248-2"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2022.107643","article-title":"Lake sediments from southern Norway capture Holocene variations in flood seasonality","volume":"290","author":"Hardeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7794","article-title":"Large-scale river flow archives: Importance, current status and future needs","volume":"25","author":"Hannah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-2799-2017","article-title":"Hydrological threats to riparian wetlands of international importance\u2014A global quantitative and qualitative analysis","volume":"21","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.02.035","article-title":"Data sharing in international transboundary contexts: The Vietnamese perspective on data sharing in the Lower Mekong Basin","volume":"536","author":"Thu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-022-10726-w","article-title":"Factors influencing the spatial and temporal variations of surface runoff coefficient in the Red River basin of Vietnam","volume":"82","author":"Hiep","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158462","article-title":"Trends in total nitrogen concentrations in the Three Rivers Headwater Region","volume":"852","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128308","article-title":"Monitoring drought in ungauged areas using satellite altimetry: The Standardized River Stage Index","volume":"612","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111546","article-title":"Evaluation of Sentinel-3 SRAL SAR altimetry over Chinese rivers","volume":"237","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL088770","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL088770","article-title":"On the Performance of Sentinel-3 Altimetry Over New Reservoirs: Approaches to Determine Onboard A Priori Elevation","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2014.1002590","article-title":"Use of SARAL\/AltiKa over Mountainous Lakes, Intercomparison with Envisat Mission","volume":"38","author":"Arsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Geodesy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2016.10.008","article-title":"Satellite radar altimetry water elevations performance over a 200 m wide river: Evaluation over the Garonne River","volume":"59","author":"Biancamaria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26484","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903028116","article-title":"Provincial and sector-level material footprints in China","volume":"116","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boergens, E., Nielsen, K., Andersen, O.B., Dettmering, D., and Seitz, F. (2017). River Levels Derived with CryoSat-2 SAR Data Classification\u2014A Case Study in the Mekong River Basin. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121238"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2001)014<1479:OOCBSW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific","volume":"14","author":"Chelton","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1989)006<1024:EOUVWF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evaluation of Unambiguous Vector Winds from the Seasat Scatterometer","volume":"6","author":"Chelton","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"841","article-title":"CryoSat: A mission to determine the fluctuations in Earth\u2019s land and marine ice fields","volume":"37","author":"Wingham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Oceanogr. Process. Satell. Data"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.07.037","article-title":"An ERS-2 altimetry reprocessing compatible with ENVISAT for long-term land and ice sheets studies","volume":"184","author":"Frappart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22814","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022814","article-title":"Global inland water monitoring from multi-mission altimetry","volume":"32","author":"Berry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Normandin, C., Frappart, F., Diepkil\u00e9, A.T., Marieu, V., Mougin, E., Blarel, F., Lubac, B., Braquet, N., and Ba, A. (2018). Evolution of the Performances of Radar Altimetry Missions from ERS-2 to Sentinel-3A over the Inner Niger Delta. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060833"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112744","article-title":"A 10-year record of Arctic summer sea ice freeboard from CryoSat-2","volume":"268","author":"Dawson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112805","article-title":"CryoSat-2 interferometric mode calibration and validation: A case study from the Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard","volume":"269","author":"Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, B., Andersen, O.B., Ranndal, H., and Rasmussen, M.L. (2022). Consolidating ICESat-2 Ocean Wave Characteristics with CryoSat-2 during the CRYO2ICE Campaign. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu22-10395"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128439","article-title":"INPPTR: An improved retracking algorithm for inland water levels estimation using Cryosat-2 SARin data","volume":"613","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111589","article-title":"The performance of CryoSat-2 fully-focussed SAR for inland water-level estimation","volume":"237","author":"Kleinherenbrink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Li, H., Chen, F., and Cai, X. (2020). Monitoring Long-Term Lake Level Variations in Middle and Lower Yangtze Basin over 2002\u20132017 through Integration of Multiple Satellite Altimetry Datasets. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091448"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heorton, H., Tsamados, M., Armitage, T., Ridout, A., and Landy, J. (2021). CryoSat-2 Significant Wave Height in Polar Oceans Derived Using a Semi-Analytical Model of Synthetic Aperture Radar 2011\u20132019. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204166"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian, T., Xin, X., Peng, Z., Li, F., Zhang, H., Yu, S., and Liu, H. (2022). Estimating Evapotranspiration over Heterogeneous Surface with Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3 Data: A Case Study in Heihe River Basin. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061349"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111950","article-title":"Sentinel-3 OLCI observations of water clarity in large lakes in eastern China: Implications for SDG 6.3.2 evaluation","volume":"247","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taburet, N., Zawadzki, L., Vayre, M., Blumstein, D., Le Gac, S., Boy, F., Raynal, M., Labroue, S., Cr\u00e9taux, J.-F., and Femenias, P. (2020). S3MPC: Improvement on Inland Water Tracking and Water Level Monitoring from the OLTC Onboard Sentinel-3 Altimeters. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183055"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, Y., Zhang, R., Pan, X., Fan, C., and Dai, Y. (2020). Evaluation of the Significant Wave Height Data Quality for the Sentinel-3 Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183107"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-26-2345-2022","article-title":"Satellite observations reveal 13 years of reservoir filling strategies, operating rules, and hydrological alterations in the Upper Mekong River basin","volume":"26","author":"Vu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Lv, A., Zhu, W., Yao, G., and Qi, S. (2021). Using Multisource Satellite Data to Investigate Lake Area, Water Level, and Water Storage Changes of Terminal Lakes in Ungauged Regions. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163221"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.037","article-title":"Validation of Jason-3 tracking modes over French rivers","volume":"209","author":"Biancamaria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-16-0011.1","article-title":"Evaluating the Performance of Jason-2 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Tracker Modes","volume":"33","author":"Leuliette","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J., Guo, J., Niu, Y., Zhu, C., Li, Z., and Liu, X. (2020). Denoising Effect of Jason-1 Altimeter Waveforms with Singular Spectrum Analysis: A Case Study of Modelling Mean Sea Surface Height over South China Sea. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8060426"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.08.032","article-title":"Are Jason-2 significant wave height measurements still useful","volume":"68","author":"Abdalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignudelli, S., Cipollini, P., Gommenginger, C., Gleason, S., Snaith, H.M., Coelho, H., Fernandes, M.J., L\u00e1zaro, C., Nunes, A.L., and G\u00f3mez-Enri, J. (2011). Satellite Altimetry: Sailing Closer to the Coast. Remote Sens. Chang. Ocean., 217\u2013238.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16541-2_11"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2015.1006381","article-title":"AltiKa Radiometer: Instrument Description and In\u2013Flight Performance","volume":"38","author":"Steunou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Geodesy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.10.031","article-title":"Benefits of the Open-Loop Tracking Command (OLTC): Extending conventional nadir altimetry to inland waters monitoring","volume":"68","author":"Boy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126330","article-title":"Partitioning the contributions of cryospheric change to the increase of streamflow on the Nu River","volume":"598","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, X., Li, J., Wang, J., Zhang, J., Liu, L., and Ma, J. (2022). Linear and Nonlinear Characteristics of Long-Term NDVI Using Trend Analysis: A Case Study of Lancang-Mekong River Basin. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246271"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158076","article-title":"Coupling coordination between new urbanisation and carbon emissions in China","volume":"850","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128922","article-title":"Exploring spatio-temporal patterns of sediment load and driving factors in Lancang-Mekong River basin before operation of mega-dams (1968\u20132002)","volume":"617","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-22-0039.1","article-title":"Evaluation of the Applicability of Three Methods for Climatic Spatial Interpolation in the Hengduan Mountains Region","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116339","article-title":"Influence of cascade reservoir operation in the Upper Mekong River on the general hydrological regime: A combined data-driven modeling approach","volume":"324","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2022.051","article-title":"Estimation of sedimentation in the Manwan and Jinghong reservoirs on the Lancang river","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2022.113298","article-title":"Global burned area mapping from Sentinel-3 Synergy and VIIRS active fires","volume":"282","author":"Franquesa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Windle, A.E., Evers-King, H., Loveday, B.R., Ondrusek, M., and Silsbe, G.M. (2022). Evaluating Atmospheric Correction Algorithms Applied to OLCI Sentinel-3 Data of Chesapeake Bay Waters. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081881"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2010.488970","article-title":"Poseidon-3 Radar Altimeter: New Modes and In-Flight Performances","volume":"33","author":"Carayon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Geodesy"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20584","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes","volume":"540","author":"Pekel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-16-2181-2012","article-title":"River monitoring from satellite radar altimetry in the Zambezi River basin","volume":"16","author":"Michailovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128075","article-title":"Flood inundation in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin: Assessing the role of summer monsoon","volume":"612","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.08.015","article-title":"CryoSat-2 radar altimetry for monitoring freshwater resources of China","volume":"200","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1769\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:03:14Z","timestamp":1760122994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1769"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15071769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15071769","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]}}}