{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:10:46Z","timestamp":1776082246641,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004070","name":"Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8474000336-KU-SPSC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8474000336-KU-SPSC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Basalts from Mare Orientale are representative of lunar flood volcanism, which sheds light on the lunar farside\u2019s thermal and volcanic past. We use Chandrayaan\u2019s Moon Mineralogy Mapper data to examine the spectral and chemical makeup of the volcanic units located in the Orientale basin; the analysis specifically focuses on three formations: Mare Orientale, Lacus Veris, and Lacus Autumni. The main assemblage in these basaltic units consists of calcic augite and ferroaugite. Pyroxenes in the Orientale volcanic units have an average chemical composition of En35.53 Fs34.11 Wo30.35. The trend in the composition of pigeonites and augites suggests that the magma was fractionated as it crystallized. The pyroxene quadrilateral plot\u2019s distinct chemical trends indicate that the Orientale Basin underwent a number of volcanic eruptions from heterogeneous magma sources during the Imbrium to Eratosthenian period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T06:15:15Z","timestamp":1679984115000},"page":"1801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hybrid Volcanic Episodes within the Orientale Basin, Moon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shreekumari Mukeshbhai","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Planetary Science Center and Department of Earth Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"family":"Harish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Planetary Science Center and Department of Earth Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1953-5238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deep","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad 380009, India"}]},{"given":"Paras M.","family":"Solanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad 380009, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8262-0320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Ramy","family":"El-Maarry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Planetary Science Center and Department of Earth Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3847\/PSJ\/abee7f","article-title":"Understanding the Lunar Nearside\u2013Farside Dichotomy via In Situ Trace Element Measurements: The Scientific Framework of a Prospective Landed Mission","volume":"2","author":"Farcy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Planet. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.10.020","article-title":"Mineralogy of Mare Serenitatis on the near Side of the Moon Based on Chandrayaan-1 Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) Observations","volume":"222","author":"Kaur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1111\/maps.13579","article-title":"Ages and Chemistry of Mare Basaltic Units in the Grimaldi Basin on the Nearside of the Moon: Implications for the Volcanic History of the Basin","volume":"55","author":"Thesniya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meteorit. Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2020.105093","article-title":"Pyroxene Chemistry and Crystallization History of Basaltic Units in the Mare Humorum on the Nearside of the Moon: Implications for the Volcanic History of the Region","volume":"193","author":"Thesniya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E00G09","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JE003736","article-title":"Lunar Mare Deposits Associated with the Orientale Impact Basin: New Insights into Mineralogy, History, Mode of Emplacement, and Relation to Orientale Basin Evolution from Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) Data from Chandrayaan-1","volume":"116","author":"Whitten","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28023","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001416","article-title":"Thermal Evolution of a Thicker KREEP Liquid Layer","volume":"106","author":"Hess","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2021.114844","article-title":"Chronological and Compositional Mapping of the Mare Orientale Basin Using Chandrayaan-1\u2014M3 and LRO Datasets","volume":"375","author":"Karthi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Liu, J., Wang, J., Zhu, K., and Zhang, L. (2022). Basalt Chronology of the Orientale Basin Based on CE-2 CCD Imaging and Implications for Lunar Basin Volcanism. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061426"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2006.60.2","article-title":"Understanding the Lunar Surface and Space-Moon Interactions","volume":"60","author":"Lucey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17127","DOI":"10.1029\/93JE01221","article-title":"Crustal Diversity of the Moon: Compositional Analyses of Galileo Solid State Imaging Data","volume":"98","author":"Pieters","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23213","DOI":"10.1029\/96JE02436","article-title":"Mare Tranquillitatis: Basalt Emplacement History and Relation to Lunar Samples","volume":"101","author":"Staid","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2483","article-title":"Geology of the Apollo 14 Region (Fra Mauro): Stratigraphic History and Sample Provenance","volume":"3","author":"Head","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Arivazhagan, S. (2015). Planetary Exploration and Science: Recent Results and Advances, Springer."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2747","article-title":"Modes of Emplacement of Basalt Terrains and an Analysis of Mare Volcanism in the Orientale Basin","volume":"3","author":"Greeley","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JE004537","article-title":"Volcanic Glass Signatures in Spectroscopic Survey of Newly Proposed Lunar Pyroclastic Deposits: Lunar Volcanic Glass","volume":"119","author":"Besse","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E00G14","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JE003730","article-title":"Measuring Moonlight: An Overview of the Spatial Properties, Lunar Coverage, Selenolocation, and Related Level 1B Products of the Moon Mineralogy Mapper","volume":"116","author":"Boardman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E00G16","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JE003751","article-title":"Thermal Removal from Near-Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy Data of the Moon","volume":"116","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JE005051","article-title":"Mineralogical Variation of the Late Stage Mare Basalts: Minerals of the late stage mare basalts","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E00G12","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JE003726","article-title":"Compositional Diversity and Geologic Insights of the Aristarchus Crater from Moon Mineralogy Mapper Data","volume":"116","author":"Mustard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E00G10","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JE003735","article-title":"The Mineralogy of Late Stage Lunar Volcanism as Observed by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper on Chandrayaan-1","volume":"116","author":"Staid","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"EPSC2013-374","article-title":"Mapping Lunar TiO2 and FeO with M3 Data","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Planet. Sci. Congr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1999.6046","article-title":"Iron and Titanium Abundance and Maturity Degree Distribution on the Lunar Nearside","volume":"137","author":"Shkuratov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11641","DOI":"10.1029\/JB091iB11p11641","article-title":"Calibrations of Phase Abundance, Composition, and Particle Size Distribution for Olivine-Orthopyroxene Mixtures from Reflectance Spectra","volume":"91","author":"Cloutis","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Gaffey, M.J., Cloutis, E.A., Kelley, M.S., and Reed, K.L. (2002). Asteroids III, University of Arizona Press."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A887","DOI":"10.1029\/JB088iS02p0A887","article-title":"A Two-Pyroxene Thermometer","volume":"88","author":"Lindsley","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00562917","article-title":"Polarized Absorption Spectra of Single Crystals of Lunar Pyroxenes and Olivines","volume":"4","author":"Burns","year":"1972","journal-title":"Moon"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4829","DOI":"10.1029\/JB079i032p04829","article-title":"Visible and Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectra of Pyroxenes as Applied to Remote Sensing of Solid Objects in the Solar System","volume":"79","author":"Adams","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-021-01567-5","article-title":"Compositional and Morphological Analysis of Gassendi Crater","volume":"130","author":"Purohit","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2023.105674","article-title":"Compositional Variations in Ohm Ray Crater on the Farside of the Moon: Implications for Mafic Anomaly","volume":"229","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E00G02","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JE003702","article-title":"Goldschmidt Crater and the Moon\u2019s North Polar Region: Results from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3)","volume":"116","author":"Cheek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, Y., Morota, T., Haruyama, J., Yasui, M., Hirata, N., and Sugita, S. (2012). Young Mare Volcanism in the Orientale Region Contemporary with the Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT) Volcanism Peak Period ~2 Billion Years Ago: Young Volcanism in the Orientale Region. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL051838"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JE001130","article-title":"Compositional Studies of the Orientale, Humorum, Nectaris, and Crisium Lunar Basins","volume":"105","author":"Bussey","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2018.10.003","article-title":"The Compositions of the Lunar Crust and Upper Mantle: Spectral Analysis of the Inner Rings of Lunar Impact Basins","volume":"165","author":"Lemelin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2017.06.013","article-title":"Lunar Mare TiO2 Abundances Estimated from UV\/Vis Reflectance","volume":"296","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1111\/maps.13176","article-title":"Remote Spectral-Compositional Analysis of Basalt Mineralogy at Hansteen-Billy, Moon","volume":"53","author":"Chauhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meteorit. Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/36.3001","article-title":"A Transformation for Ordering Multispectral Data in Terms of Image Quality with Implications for Noise Removal","volume":"26","author":"Green","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frassy, F., Dalla Via, G., Maianti, P., Marchesi, A., Nodari, F.R., and Gianinetto, M. (USA, January Gainesville,). Minimum Noise Fraction Transform for Improving the Classification of Airborne Hyperspectral Data: Two Case Studies. Proceedings of the 2013 5th Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS), 26\u201328 June 2013.","DOI":"10.1109\/WHISPERS.2013.8080626"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22809","DOI":"10.1029\/91JE02512","article-title":"Pyroxene Spectroscopy Revisited: Spectral-Compositional Correlations and Relationship to Geothermometry","volume":"96","author":"Cloutis","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945-5100.2010.01158.x","article-title":"Near-Infrared Spectra of Clinopyroxenes: Effects of Calcium Content and Crystal Structure: Near-Infrared Spectra of Clinopyroxenes","volume":"46","author":"Klima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meteorit. Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-022-01862-1","article-title":"Mineralogy and Chronology of the Young Mare Volcanism in the Procellarum-KREEP-Terrane","volume":"7","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1029\/RG014i004p00475","article-title":"Mare Basalts: Crystal Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Petrology","volume":"14","author":"Papike","year":"1976","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1029\/GL005i006p00433","article-title":"The Lunar Mare Basalt Suite","volume":"5","author":"Papike","year":"1978","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"225","article-title":"Stable and Metastable Augite Crystallization Trends in a Single Basalt Flow","volume":"56","author":"Smith","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1993.1194","article-title":"Mineralogical Variations within the S-Type Asteroid Class","volume":"106","author":"Gaffey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35260-y","article-title":"A Changing Thermal Regime Revealed from Shallow to Deep Basalt Source Melting in the Moon","volume":"13","author":"Srivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04119-5","article-title":"Non-KREEP Origin for Chang\u2019e-5 Basalts in the Procellarum KREEP Terrane","volume":"600","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1801\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:04:55Z","timestamp":1760123095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15071801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15071801","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]}}}