{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T06:25:19Z","timestamp":1766557519675,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEC-2012\/07\/B\/HS4\/00306","952111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEC-2012\/07\/B\/HS4\/00306","952111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020","award":["DEC-2012\/07\/B\/HS4\/00306","952111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEC-2012\/07\/B\/HS4\/00306","952111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recreational ecosystem services are crucial for human well-being, and nature-based recreational activities often support local economies. However, tourism is very often one of many threads that contribute to the environment, and, therefore, data regarding its spatial patterns are necessary for the long-term sustainable development of a region. The present study describes a method for the detection of small boats (&lt;10 m in length) in lake conditions based on Sentinel-1 radar images. Our two-step algorithm uses adaptive thresholding and math morphology operators to extract boat detections. The algorithm was validated on 14 images of different types of lakes in the Great Masurian Lake District, Poland. The detection accuracy was 88.17%. We also assessed the spatial and temporal distribution of tourist traffic and compared satellite data to field data. The correlation between the satellite-based map and field observations was 0.76.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T01:33:00Z","timestamp":1680053580000},"page":"1807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Small Recreational Boat Detection Using Sentinel-1 Data for the Monitoring of Recreational Ecosystem Services"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8944-6159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Ruci\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka 18a, 00-716 Warszawa, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie 30, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7717-4848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka 18a, 00-716 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Kulczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie 30, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6174-5837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Derek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie 30, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, C.M., and H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen, T. (2006). Lake Tourism: An Integrated Approach to Lacustrine Tourism Systems, Channel View Publications.","DOI":"10.21832\/9781845410421"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0964-5691(01)00071-0","article-title":"Trends in ocean and coastal tourism: The end of the last frontier?","volume":"44","author":"Hall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/19407963.2013.877471","article-title":"The search for meaningful tourism indicators: The case of the international upper great lakes study","volume":"6","author":"McCole","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Policy Res. Tour. Leis. Events"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2018.06.006","article-title":"Recreational boating in the Portofino Marine Protected Area (MPA), Italy: Characterization and analysis in the last decade (2006\u20132016) and some considerations on management","volume":"127","author":"Venturini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2009.05.015","article-title":"Analyzing yachting patterns in the Biesbosch National Park using GIS technology","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2008.04.033","article-title":"Copper and sewage inputs from recreational vessels at popular anchor sites in a semi-enclosed Bay (Qld, Australia): Estimates of potential annual loads","volume":"57","author":"Leon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-018-1088-x","article-title":"Recreational boating degrades vegetation important for fish recruitment","volume":"48","author":"Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2010.12.002","article-title":"Spatial analysis of recreational boating as a first key step for marine spatial planning in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain)","volume":"54","author":"Balaguer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"65","article-title":"Presja turystyki wodnej w ekotonach le\u015bno\u2212 jeziornych na przyk\u0142adzie jeziora Be\u0142dany","volume":"10","author":"Sater","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sylwan"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.12.019","article-title":"Leisure boating noise as a trigger for the displacement of the bottlenose dolphins of the Cres\u2013Lo\u0161inj archipelago (northern Adriatic Sea, Croatia)","volume":"68","author":"Rako","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-008-9249-5","article-title":"Exploring the Crowding\u2013Satisfaction Relationship in Recreational Boating","volume":"43","author":"Tseng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/10402381.2019.1711469","article-title":"Water-based recreation management: A normative approach to reviewing boating thresholds","volume":"36","author":"Riungu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lake Reserv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05179.x","article-title":"A preliminary study for evaluating the capacity of waters for recreational boating 1","volume":"8","author":"Ashton","year":"1972","journal-title":"JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"111","article-title":"Pomiar marszrutowy jako narz\u0119dzie monitoringu aktywno\u015bci turystycznej. Przyk\u0142ad Wielkich Jezior Mazurskich","volume":"29","author":"Kulczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Probl. Ekol. Kraj."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ryan, K.L., Hall, N.G., Lai, E.K., Smallwood, C.B., Tate, A., Taylor, S.M., and Wise, B.S. (2023, March 02). Statewide Survey of Boat-Based Recreational Fishing in Western Australia 2017\/18, Available online: https:\/\/www.fish.wa.gov.au\/Documents\/research_reports\/frr297.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-010-9479-1","article-title":"Incorporating recreational users into marine protected area planning: A study of recreational boating in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"46","author":"Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2021.105947","article-title":"Modelling climatic and temporal influences on boating traffic with relevance to digital camera monitoring of recreational fisheries","volume":"215","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2007.05.014","article-title":"Classification of recreational boat types based on trajectory patterns","volume":"28","author":"Pelot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/03098265.2018.1436534","article-title":"Teaching ethics when working with geocoded data: A novel experiential learning approach","volume":"42","author":"Doornbos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geogr. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2021.102441","article-title":"Tracked to protect-Spatiotemporal dynamics of recreational boating in sensitive marine natural areas","volume":"130","author":"Meijles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.1997.10874677","article-title":"Ship Detection by the RADARSAT SAR: Validation of Detection Model Predictions","volume":"23","author":"Vachon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.5589\/m04-002","article-title":"Ship detection and characterization using polarimetric SAR","volume":"30","author":"Touzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelich, R., Long\u00e9p\u00e9, N., Hajduch, G., and Mercier, G. (2015, January 26\u201331). Performance evaluation of Sentinel-1 data in SAR ship detection. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2015.7326217"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12567-018-0222-8","article-title":"Modelling ship detectability depending on TerraSAR-X-derived metocean parameters","volume":"11","author":"Tings","year":"2019","journal-title":"CEAS Space J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2182760","article-title":"Ship and Oil-Spill Detection Using the Degree of Polarization in Linear and Hybrid\/Compact Dual-Pol SAR","volume":"5","author":"Shirvany","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2005.845033","article-title":"A Novel Algorithm for Ship Detection in SAR Imagery Based on the Wavelet Transform","volume":"2","author":"Trello","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1109\/7.135446","article-title":"A Cfar Adaptive Matched-Filter Detector","volume":"28","author":"Robey","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2010.2090492","article-title":"A Parzen-Window-Kernel-Based CFAR algorithm for ship detection in SAR Images","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci.Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greidanus, H., Alvarez, M., Santamaria, C., and Thoorens, F.X. (2017). The SUMO Ship Detector Algorithm for Satellite Radar Images. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030246"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5394","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2815592","article-title":"Adaptive Ship Detection in Hybrid-Polarimetric SAR Images Based on the Power-Entropy Decomposition","volume":"56","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Crisp, D.J. (2004). The State-of-the-Art in Ship Detection in Synthetic Apreture Radar Imagery, Defence Science and Technology Organisation Salisbury (Australia) Info Sciences Lab.. DSTO-RR-0272."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120234","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3005861","article-title":"HRSID: A High-Resolution SAR Images Dataset for Ship Detection and Instance Segmentation","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Zhang, X., and Ke, X. (2021). Quad-FPN: A Novel Quad Feature Pyramid Network for SAR Ship Detection. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142771"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Meng, C., Cheng, J., Zhang, Z., and Chang, S. (2022). A Multi-Scale Feature Pyramid Network for Detection and Instance Segmentation of Marine Ships in SAR Images. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246312"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grosso, E., and Guida, R. (2022). A New Automated Ship Wake Detector for Small and Go-Fast Ships in Sentinel-1 Imagery. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246223"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044522","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.14.044522","article-title":"Two-stage ship detection in synthetic aperture radar images based on attention mechanism and extended pooling","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"5236918","article-title":"A Two-Stage Method for Ship Detection Using PolSAR Image","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"27","article-title":"Zagospodarowanie turystyczne strefy brzegowej jezior na potrzeby \u017ceglarstwa-przyk\u0142ad wielkich jezior mazurskich","volume":"61","author":"Kulczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prace Studia Geogr."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2022, November 01). Available online: https:\/\/globalwindatlas.info\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2022, November 01). Available online: https:\/\/www.geoportal.gov.pl\/dane\/baza-danych-obiektow-topograficznych-bdot."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2018.02.016","article-title":"Landscape, facilities and visitors: An integrated model of Recreational Ecosystem Services","volume":"31","author":"Kulczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-189X(86)90002-2","article-title":"Introduction to mathematical morphology","volume":"35","author":"Serra","year":"1986","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90048-B","article-title":"A Review of Assessing the Accuracy of Classifications of Remotely Sensed Data","volume":"37","author":"Congalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1807\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:05:10Z","timestamp":1760123110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1807"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15071807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15071807","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]}}}