{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T11:22:49Z","timestamp":1761218569798,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to evaluate pavement lane markings in a metropolitan road network and to develop a maintenance strategy for safe daytime and night-time driving. To achieve this, data on the retroreflectivity and physical defect ratio of lane markings were collected remotely using a vehicle-mounted retroreflectometer and high-resolution camera. The retroreflectivity was measured and analyzed by road type (city freeways, arterial roads, and collector roads) and by lane color (yellow, white, and blue) over a total length of 6790.34 km. The results indicate that the retroreflective performance deteriorates the most in the case of white lanes, regardless of the road classification, especially in the case of the first white lane. Additionally, the physical defects of lane markings were investigated over a total length of 502.82 km and categorized by road classification and lane color. Mask R-CNN and the Otsu Threshold method were used to automatically calculate the ratios of the defects. The results indicate that city freeways show a lower defect ratio than arterial and collector roads for all colors. Moreover, there is no significant difference between the white lanes for all types of roads. The distribution trends and relationship between retroreflectivity and the defect ratios were discussed according to the road type and lane color, and a method for selecting maintenance priority was suggested. The results show that the number of lanes requiring the restoration of retroreflectivity increases as the defect ratio increases. Therefore, we suggest prioritizing maintenance work on the lanes with a higher ratio of defects, covering a higher proportion of low-retroreflectivity sections. In addition, the unit length for data averaging can be adjusted to improve the work efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T01:33:00Z","timestamp":1680053580000},"page":"1812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluating Pavement Lane Markings in Metropolitan Road Networks with a Vehicle-Mounted Retroreflectometer and AI-Based Image Processing Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5000-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangyum","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Induk University, 12 Choansan-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01878, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8897-7120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byoung Hooi","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Sangmyung University, 31 Sangmyeongdae-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31066, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Avelar, R.E., and Carlson, P.J. (2014, January 12\u201316). Characterizing the association between nighttime crashes and retroreflectivity of edgelines and centerlines on Michigan rural two-lane highways. Proceedings of the 93rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Record, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Migletz, J., and Graham, J.L. (2002). Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices: A Synthesis of Highway Practice, Transportation Research Board."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Smadi, O., Hawkins, N., Nlenanya, I., and Bekta\u015f, B.A. (2010). Pavement Markings and Safety, Minnesota State University."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3141\/2056-03","article-title":"Pavement marking retroreflectivity: Analysis of safety effectiveness","volume":"2056","author":"Smadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000142","article-title":"Impact of bead density on paint pavement marking retroreflectivity","volume":"136","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Bahar, G., Masliah, M., Erwin, T., Tan, E., and Hauer, E. (2006). Pavement Marking Materials and Markers: Real-World Relationship between Retroreflectivity and Safety over Time, Transportation Research Board."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000360","article-title":"Paint pavement marking performance prediction model","volume":"138","author":"Mull","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y. (2008). Durability and Retro-Reflectivity of Pavement Markings (Synthesis Study), Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University.","DOI":"10.5703\/1288284313356"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3141\/1824-14","article-title":"Evaluation of performance of permanent pavement markings","volume":"1824","author":"Parker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Wang, J., Wu, P., Shou, W., Wang, X., and Chen, M. (2021). Vision-based pavement marking detection and condition assessment\u2014A case study. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11073152"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"e00579","article-title":"Visibility of various road markings for machine vision","volume":"15","author":"Burghardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babi\u0107, D., Babi\u0107, D., Fioli\u0107, M., Eichberger, A., and Magosi, Z.F. (2022). Impact of road marking retroreflectivity on machine vision in dry conditions: On-road test. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041303"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.10.010","article-title":"Image-based 3D reconstruction using traditional and UAV datasets for analysis of road pavement distress","volume":"96","author":"Inzerillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04021035","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001606","article-title":"Detecting of pavement marking defects using faster R-CNN","volume":"35","author":"Alzraiee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perform. Constr. Facil."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., and Sun, J. (2015). Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3141\/2258-10","article-title":"Evaluation of retroreflectivity measurement techniques for profiled and rumble stripe pavement markings","volume":"2258","author":"Pike","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Re, J.M., and Carlson, P.J. (2012). Practices to Manage Traffic Sign Retroreflectivity, Transportation Research Board.","DOI":"10.17226\/14663"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"146","article-title":"An improved Otsu threshold segmentation algorithm","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84893","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2991930","article-title":"A lane tracking method based on progressive probabilistic hough transform","volume":"8","author":"Marzougui","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.12815\/kits.2020.19.6.37","article-title":"Study on the minimum recursive reflection performance according to the color of road surface","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korea Inst. Intell. Transp. Syst."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1812\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:05:26Z","timestamp":1760123126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15071812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15071812","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]}}}