{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T05:15:31Z","timestamp":1774156531309,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Information &amp; communication Technology Planning &amp; evaluation IITP","award":["2022-00156409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-00156409"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Information &amp; communication Technology Planning &amp; evaluation IITP","award":["2020R1F1A1062177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1062177"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea NRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-00156409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-00156409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea NRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1F1A1062177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1062177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A typical ultrasonic sensor has a major lobe that extends beyond 45 degrees. Because the wide beam of the ultrasonic sensor\u2019s main lobe, which is used for straightforward distance measurement, has a low angular resolution, conventional methods such as incidence angle and linear angle measurements cannot accurately determine the azimuthal angle. Determining whether one or more objects are present in a single beam is also challenging. In this study, the azimuthal angles of two or more objects placed beneath a single beam are determined by the Doppler frequency shift. An ultrasonic sensor is mounted on an automobile to transmit and receive an ultrasound when the car moves towards stationary objects. The sensor picks up the object\u2019s reflected Doppler shift signal. The azimuth angle of the objects is determined by estimating the received Doppler shift signal using a standard signal processing method. Near-field motion detection systems and autonomous driving heavily rely on the ability to evaluate the azimuthal angle of objects in a vehicle\u2019s surroundings using the Doppler Effect. These are examples of low-cost technology and active safety, which the experimental results support. Based on the results and error estimation, there is an average error of less than 3% between measured and computed values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T02:23:46Z","timestamp":1680143026000},"page":"1837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Estimation of Azimuth Angle Using an Ultrasonic Sensor for Automobile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9676-7665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasantha","family":"Chandrasegar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2874-9614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhwan","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Engineering Research Institue, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashhar, K., Khyam, M., Soh, C., and Kong, K. 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