{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:08:16Z","timestamp":1762254496823,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Shandong Jianzhu University","award":["XNBS1984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XNBS1984"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","award":["XNBS1984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XNBS1984"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The continuous acquisition of spatial distribution information for offshore hydrocarbon exploitation (OHE) targets is crucial for the research of marine carbon emission activities. The methodological framework based on time-series night light remote sensing images with a feature increment strategy coupled with machine learning models has become one of the most novel techniques for OHE target extraction in recent years. Its performance is mainly influenced by machine learning models, target features, and regional differences. However, there is still a lack of internal comparative studies on the different influencing factors in this framework. Therefore, based on this framework, we selected four different typical experimental regions within the hydrocarbon basins in the South China Sea to validate the extraction performance of six machine learning models (the classification and regression tree (CART), random forest (RF), artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), Mahalanobis distance (MaD), and maximum likelihood classification (MLC)) using time-series VIIRS night light remote sensing images. On this basis, the influence of the regional differences and the importance of the multi-features were evaluated and analyzed. The results showed that (1) the RF model performed the best, with an average accuracy of 90.74%, which was much higher than the ANN, CART, SVM, MLC, and MaD. (2) The OHE targets with a lower light radiant intensity as well as a closer spatial location were the main subjects of the omission extraction, while the incorrect extractions were mostly caused by the intensive ship activities. (3) The coefficient of variation was the most important feature that affected the accuracy of the OHE target extraction, with a contribution rate of 26%. This was different from the commonly believed frequency feature in the existing research. In the context of global warming, this study can provide a valuable information reference for studies on OHE target extraction, carbon emission activity monitoring, and carbon emission dynamic assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T04:45:35Z","timestamp":1680151535000},"page":"1843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Offshore Hydrocarbon Exploitation Target Extraction Based on Time-Series Night Light Remote Sensing Images and Machine Learning Models: A Comparison of Six Machine Learning Algorithms and Their Multi-Feature Importance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Wenzhou","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08017","article-title":"Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 \u00b0C","volume":"458","author":"Meinshausen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.113128","article-title":"Paris climate agreement and global environmental efficiency: New evidence from fuzzy regression discontinuity design","volume":"168","author":"Salman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.01.167","article-title":"Research on distributed streaming parallel computing of large scale wind DFIGs from the perspective of Ecological Marxism","volume":"8","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/15567030701225260","article-title":"Influence of coal as an energy source on environmental pollution","volume":"29","author":"Balat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"EIA (2022, November 05). 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