{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:01:58Z","timestamp":1760148118194,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China project","award":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Space Agency","award":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"]}]},{"name":"Canada\u2019s Ocean Frontier Institute (OFI)","award":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"]}]},{"name":"Marine Environmental Observation Prediction and Response (MEOPAR) network","award":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"]}]},{"name":"Canada\u2019s Competitive Science Research Fund","award":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41776181","KYCX22_1174","2021YFC2803302","JSZRHYKJ202114","YJGL-YF-2020-16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper focuses on the proof and application of discriminating between oil spills and seawater (including the \u201clook-alikes\u201d, named low wind areas) based on the polarization ratio. A new relative polarization ratio (PRr) method is proposed, which is based on the difference between the scattering mechanism and the dielectric constant for oil spills compared to that of seawater. The case study found that (1) PRr numerically amplifies the contrast between oil spills and seawater, reduces the difference between low wind areas and ordinary seawater, and exhibits better details of the image; (2) the threshold method based on Euclidean distance can obtain the highest classification overall accuracy within the allowable error range, and can be widely used in the study of different incidence angles and environmental conditions; and (3) the identification of oil spills and seawater by the proposed methods can largely avoid the misjudgment of low wind areas as oil spills. Considering visual interpretation as the reference \u2018ground truth\u2019, the overall classification accuracy of all cases is more than 95%; only the edge of the diffuse thin oil slick and oil\u2013water mixture is difficult to identify. This method can serve as an effective supplement to existing oil spill detection methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T01:37:02Z","timestamp":1680226622000},"page":"1855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Proof and Application of Discriminating Ocean Oil Spills and Seawater Based on Polarization Ratio Using Quad-Polarization Synthetic Aperture Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2070-8343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing & Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Integration Applications in Remote Sensing and Navigation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Collaborative Navigation, Positioning and Smart Application, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Ruihang","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing & Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3598-2791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Will","family":"Perrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing & Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm5940","article-title":"Chronic oiling in global oceans","volume":"376","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"305","article-title":"Comparative analysis of oil spill recognition based on TM remote sensing image","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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