{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T20:27:36Z","timestamp":1774816056216,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["817578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["817578"]}]},{"name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales through the TOEddies and EUREC4A-OA projects","award":["817578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["817578"]}]},{"name":"French national program LEFE INSU","award":["817578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["817578"]}]},{"name":"IFREMER","award":["817578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["817578"]}]},{"name":"French vessel research fleet","award":["817578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["817578"]}]},{"name":"French research infrastructures AERIS and ODATIS, IPSL","award":["817578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["817578"]}]},{"name":"Chaire Chanel program of the Geosciences Department at ENS","award":["817578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["817578"]}]},{"name":"EUREC4A-OA JPI Ocean and Climate program and by TRIATLAS H2020 EU program","award":["817578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["817578"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>North Brazil Current (NBC) rings are believed to play a key role in the Atlantic Ocean circulation and climate. Here, we use a new collection of high-resolution in-situ observations acquired during the EUREC4A-OA field experiment together with satellite altimetry to define, with unprecedented detail, the structure and evolution of these eddies. In-situ observations reveal a more complex structure than previously documented. In particular, we highlight a measurable impact of the Amazon outflow in creating a barrier layer over a large portion of the eddies. We show that this unprecedented data set allows us to estimate the accuracy of satellite altimetry gridded fields. The geostrophic velocities derived from satellite altimetry turn out to be considerably lower (up to 50% in amplitude) than the values measured by current meters. However, eddy properties as detected by TOEddies, a newly developed algorithm show to be relatively precise. For example, the eddy center and maximum azimuthal velocity contour fall within 25 \u00b1 5 km and 16 \u00b1 9 km, respectively, from the in-situ observed values. We apply TOEddies to 27 years of satellite altimetry to investigate the generic NBC rings behavior. We found a mean generation rate of 4.5 \u00b1 1.1 rings per year, and a strong seasonal cycle in all eddy properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T02:10:13Z","timestamp":1680487813000},"page":"1897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Combining an Eddy Detection Algorithm with In-Situ Measurements to Study North Brazil Current Rings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3426-4568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corentin","family":"Subirade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD), UMR 8539 CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure, 75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Oc\u00e9anologie et G\u00e9osciences (LOG), UMR 8187, Universit\u00e9 Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3873-9006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"L\u2019H\u00e9garet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD), UMR 8539 CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure, 75005 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5452-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Speich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD), UMR 8539 CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure, 75005 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5157-1821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Laxenaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD), UMR 8539 CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure, 75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de L\u2019Atmosphere et des Cyclones (LACy), UMR 8105 CNRS, Universite de La Reunion, Meteo-France, 97744 Saint-Denis, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5044-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Karstensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7849-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Carton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Oc\u00e9anographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut Universitaire Europ\u00e9en de la Mer IUEM, Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1997)027<1743:GCOOVE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Global characteristics of ocean variability estimated from regional TOPEX\/POSEIDON altimeter measurements","volume":"27","author":"Stammer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(98)00106-4","article-title":"Temporal changes in eddy energy of the oceans","volume":"46","author":"Stammer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2011.01.002","article-title":"Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies","volume":"91","author":"Chelton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1029\/RG023i002p00165","article-title":"Submesoscale, coherent vortices in the ocean","volume":"23","author":"McWilliams","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1998)028<1904:TAPOTU>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Transports and pathways of the upper-layer circulation in the western tropical Atlantic","volume":"28","author":"Schott","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1998)028<0103:ACAVOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Annual cycle and variability of the North Brazil Current","volume":"28","author":"Johns","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22103","DOI":"10.1029\/JC095iC12p22103","article-title":"The North Brazil Current retroflection: Seasonal structure and eddy variability","volume":"95","author":"Johns","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0422-9894(03)80154-X","article-title":"North Brazil Current rings and the variability in the latitude of retroflection","volume":"Volume 68","author":"Garzoli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Elsevier Oceanography Series"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO2907.1","article-title":"The evolution and demise of North Brazil Current rings","volume":"36","author":"Fratantoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(2002)032<1058:NBCRGA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"North Brazil Current ring generation and evolution observed with SeaWiFS","volume":"32","author":"Fratantoni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0422-9894(03)80156-3","article-title":"Cross-gyre transport by North Brazil Current rings","volume":"Volume 68","author":"Johns","year":"2003","journal-title":"Elsevier Oceanography Series"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0422-9894(03)80155-1","article-title":"North Brazil Current rings and transport of southern waters in a high resolution numerical simulation of the North Atlantic","volume":"Volume 68","author":"Garraffo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Elsevier Oceanography Series"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013869","article-title":"Velocity structure of North Brazil current rings","volume":"29","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20121","DOI":"10.1029\/93JC01184","article-title":"Eddies in the North Brazil Current retroflection region observed by Geosat altimetry","volume":"98","author":"Didden","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jochumsen, K., Rhein, M., H\u00fcttl-Kabus, S., and B\u00f6ning, C.W. (2010). On the propagation and decay of North Brazil Current rings. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JC006042"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022GL099637","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL099637","article-title":"Do eddies connect the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico?","volume":"49","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL091277","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL091277","article-title":"Eddies connect the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016981","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016981","article-title":"Formation and evolution of a freshwater plume in the northwestern tropical Atlantic in February 2020","volume":"126","author":"Reverdin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-19-2969-2022","article-title":"Wintertime process study of the North Brazil Current rings reveals the region as a larger sink for CO2 than expected","volume":"19","author":"Olivier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.1029\/93JC03486","article-title":"North Brazil current retroflection eddies","volume":"99","author":"Richardson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10633","DOI":"10.1029\/95JC00925","article-title":"Rings of the North Brazil Current: Their structure and behavior inferred from observations and a numerical simulation","volume":"100","author":"Fratantoni","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011717","article-title":"A census of North Brazil Current rings observed from TOPEX\/POSEIDON altimetry: 1992\u20131998","volume":"28","author":"Goni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0422-9894(03)80153-8","article-title":"Synoptic study of warm rings in the North Brazil Current retroflection region using satellite altimetry","volume":"Volume 68","author":"Goni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Elsevier Oceanography Series"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-17-0032.1","article-title":"Investigation of the Intra-Annual Variability of the North Equatorial Countercurrent\/North Brazil Current Eddies and of the Instability Waves of the North Tropical Atlantic Ocean Using Satellite Altimetry and Empirical Mode Decomposition","volume":"34","author":"Arnault","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JC015921","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015921","article-title":"Intra-and Inter-Annual Variability of North Brazil Current Rings Using Angular Momentum Eddy Detection and Tracking Algorithm: Observations From 1993 to 2016","volume":"125","author":"Aroucha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bueno, L.F., Costa, V.S., Mill, G.N., and Paiva, A.M. (2022). Volume and Heat Transports by North Brazil Current Rings. Front. Mar. Sci., 1053.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.831098"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(82)90101-7","article-title":"Satellite observations of the Brazil and Falkland currents\u20141975 1976 and 1978","volume":"29","author":"Legeckis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part A Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, N., Anderson, S.P., Brickley, P., Nobre, C., and Cadwallader, M.L. (2009, January 26\u201329). Quantifying the seasonal and interannual variability of the formation and migration pattern of North Brazil Current Rings. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2009, Biloxi, MS, USA.","DOI":"10.23919\/OCEANS.2009.5422142"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-17-0010.1","article-title":"Angular Momentum Eddy Detection and tracking Algorithm (AMEDA) and its application to coastal eddy formation","volume":"35","author":"Stegner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-4067-2021","article-title":"EUREC 4 a","volume":"13","author":"Stevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Speich, S., and Embarked Science Team (2023, January 01). EUREC4A-OA. Cruise Report. 19 January\u201319 February 2020. Vessel: L\u2019ATALANTE 2021. Available online: https:\/\/archimer.ifremer.fr\/doc\/00689\/80129\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Karstensen, J., Lavik, G., Kopp, A., Mehlmann, M., Boeck, T., Ribbe, J., Guettler, J., Nordsiek, F., Philippi, M., and Bodenschatz, E. (2023, January 01). EUREC4A Campaign, Cruise No. MSM89, 17 January\u201320 February 2020, Bridgetown Barbados\u2013Bridgetown Barbados, The Ocean Mesoscale Component in the EUREC4A++ Field Study, MARIA S. MERIAN-Berichte, 2020. Available online: https:\/\/oceanrep.geomar.de\/id\/eprint\/56445\/1\/msm89_cruise_report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-1759-2021","article-title":"Measurements from the RV Ronald H. Brown and related platforms as part of the Atlantic Tradewind Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC)","volume":"13","author":"Quinn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7651","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014270","article-title":"Anticyclonic eddies connecting the western boundaries of Indian and Atlantic Oceans","volume":"123","author":"Laxenaire","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8969","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014426","article-title":"Evolution of the thermohaline structure of one Agulhas ring reconstructed from satellite altimetry and Argo floats","volume":"124","author":"Laxenaire","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JC015511","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015511","article-title":"Agulhas Ring Heat Content and Transport in the South Atlantic Estimated by Combining Satellite Altimetry and Argo Profiling Floats Data","volume":"125","author":"Laxenaire","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.5194\/os-15-1207-2019","article-title":"DUACS DT2018: 25 years of reprocessed sea level altimetry products","volume":"15","author":"Taburet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u2019H\u00e9garet, P., Sch\u00fctte, F., Speich, S., Reverdin, G., Baranowski, D.B., Czeschel, R., Fischer, T., Foltz, G.R., Heywood, K.J., and Krahmann, G. (2022). Ocean cross-validated observations from the R\/Vs L\u2019Atalante, Maria S. Merian and Meteor and related platforms as part of the EUREC 4 A-OA\/ATOMIC campaign. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 1\u201339.","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-2022-402"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1029\/94RG03215","article-title":"Ertel\u2019s potential vorticity theorem in physical oceanography","volume":"33","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.5194\/os-15-1091-2019","article-title":"On the resolutions of ocean altimetry maps","volume":"15","author":"Ballarotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2008.10.013","article-title":"Mesoscale eddies off Peru in altimeter records: Identification algorithms and eddy spatio-temporal patterns","volume":"79","author":"Chaigneau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2009.07.012","article-title":"Eddy activity in the four major upwelling systems from satellite altimetry (1992\u20132007)","volume":"83","author":"Chaigneau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6008","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC010950","article-title":"Main eddy vertical structures observed in the four major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems","volume":"120","author":"Pegliasco","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016962","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016962","article-title":"The South Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Mesoscale Eddies in the First GO-SHIP Section at 34.5\u00b0S","volume":"126","author":"Manta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Ioannou, A., Speich, S., and Laxenaire, R. (2020, January 1\u201317). Mesoscale Eddy Connectivity in the Atlantic Ocean. Proceedings of the AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Online."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JC017767","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JC017767","article-title":"Formation and Transport of the South Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water in Eddy-Permitting Observations","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.03.039","article-title":"Detection and tracking of mesoscale eddies in the Mediterranean Sea: A comparison between the Sea Level Anomaly and the Absolute Dynamic Topography fields","volume":"68","author":"Pegliasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garzoli, S.L., Ffield, A., Johns, W.E., and Yao, Q. (2004). North Brazil Current retroflection and transports. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JC001775"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.5194\/os-8-845-2012","article-title":"High resolution 3-D temperature and salinity fields derived from in situ and satellite observations","volume":"8","author":"Guinehut","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2012.04.012","article-title":"A new estimate of the global 3D geostrophic ocean circulation based on satellite data and in-situ measurements","volume":"77","author":"Mulet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-12-048.1","article-title":"Seasonal and interannual modulation of the eddy kinetic energy in the Caribbean Sea","volume":"42","author":"Jouanno","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5334.1956","article-title":"Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings","volume":"277","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/03091928108208773","article-title":"Particle motions in large-amplitude wave fields","volume":"18","author":"Flierl","year":"1981","journal-title":"Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Marez, C., Carton, X., Morvan, M., and Reinaud, J.N. (2017). The interaction of two surface vortices near a topographic slope in a stratified ocean. Fluids, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids2040057"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.5194\/os-15-1531-2019","article-title":"The life cycle of submesoscale eddies generated by topographic interactions","volume":"15","author":"Morvan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0422-9894(03)80141-1","article-title":"Circulation, variability and near-equatorial meridional flow in the central tropical Atlantic","volume":"Volume 68","author":"Stramma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Elsevier Oceanography Series"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6894","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC008981","article-title":"The pathways and properties of the Amazon River Plume in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"118","author":"Coles","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2004.07.021","article-title":"Upper ocean circulation in the western tropical Atlantic in boreal fall 2000","volume":"52","author":"Stramma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doglioli, A., Blanke, B., Speich, S., and Lapeyre, G. (2007). Tracking coherent structures in a regional ocean model with wavelet analysis: Application to Cape Basin eddies. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC003952"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7624","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL077527","article-title":"Intrathermocline eddies embedded within an anticyclonic vortex ring","volume":"45","author":"Meunier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meunier, T., Pall\u00e1s Sanz, E., de Marez, C., P\u00e9rez, J., Tenreiro, M., Ruiz Angulo, A., and Bower, A. (2021). The dynamical structure of a warm core ring as inferred from glider observations and along-track altimetry. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202105.0313.v1"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Garcia, H.E., Weathers, K.W., Paver, C.R., Smolyar, I., Boyer, T.P., Locarnini, M.M., Zweng, M.M., Mishonov, A.V., Baranova, O.K., and Seidov, D. (2023, January 01). World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Dissolved Oxygen Saturation. Available online: https:\/\/archimer.ifremer.fr\/doc\/00651\/76337\/."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Locarnini, M.M., Mishonov, A.V., Baranova, O.K., Boyer, T.P., Zweng, M.M., Garcia, H.E., Seidov, D., Weathers, K., Paver, C., and Smolyar, I. (2023, January 01). World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 1: Temperature. Available online: https:\/\/archimer.ifremer.fr\/doc\/00651\/76338\/."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2023, January 01). World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 2: Salinity. Available online: https:\/\/archimer.ifremer.fr\/doc\/00651\/76339\/."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2008.02.003","article-title":"Physical dynamics and biological implications of a mesoscale eddy in the lee of Hawai\u2019i: Cyclone Opal observations during E-Flux III","volume":"55","author":"Nencioli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JC008229","article-title":"Physical characteristics and dynamics of the coastal Latex09 Eddy derived from in situ data and numerical modeling","volume":"118","author":"Kersale","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(02)00381-8","article-title":"A comparison of in-situ float velocities with altimeter derived geostrophic velocities","volume":"50","author":"Boebel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015031","article-title":"Cyclostrophic corrections of AVISO\/DUACS surface velocities and its application to mesoscale eddies in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"124","author":"Ioannou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JC019357","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JC019357","article-title":"Global Sea Surface Cyclogeostrophic Currents Derived from Satellite Altimetry Data","volume":"128","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1996)026<2344:TRP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The retroflection paradox","volume":"26","author":"Nof","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castel\u00e3o, G., and Johns, W. (2011). Sea surface structure of North Brazil Current rings derived from shipboard and moored acoustic Doppler current profiler observations. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JC006575"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-27-1861-2009","article-title":"Circulation of the thermocline salinity maximum waters off the Northern Brazil as inferred from in situ measurements and numerical results","volume":"Volume 27","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annales Geophysicae"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1981)011<1662:OTIMOI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the \u03b2-induced movement of isolated baroclinic eddies","volume":"11","author":"Nof","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12156","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL083925","article-title":"Eddies in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean and their seasonal variability","volume":"46","author":"Aguedjou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10537","DOI":"10.1029\/JC091iC09p10537","article-title":"Mapping climatological seasonal variations of surface currents in the tropical Atlantic using ship drifts","volume":"91","author":"Richardson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(92)90036-S","article-title":"Annual cycle of the Atlantic north equatorial countercurrent","volume":"39","author":"Richardson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part A Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC014983","article-title":"Contrasting short-lived with long-lived mesoscale eddies in the global ocean","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.5194\/os-15-413-2019","article-title":"Multicore structures and the splitting and merging of eddies in global oceans from satellite altimeter data","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1897\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:08:02Z","timestamp":1760123282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15071897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15071897","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]}}}