{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:02:20Z","timestamp":1760148140784,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]],"date-time":"2023-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFA0605904","SML2020SP007","311020004","42206005","41806030","41806004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0605904","SML2020SP007","311020004","42206005","41806030","41806004"]}]},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["2018YFA0605904","SML2020SP007","311020004","42206005","41806030","41806004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0605904","SML2020SP007","311020004","42206005","41806030","41806004"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["2018YFA0605904","SML2020SP007","311020004","42206005","41806030","41806004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0605904","SML2020SP007","311020004","42206005","41806030","41806004"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China Project","award":["2018YFA0605904","SML2020SP007","311020004","42206005","41806030","41806004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0605904","SML2020SP007","311020004","42206005","41806030","41806004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Lofoten Vortex (LV) is a quasi-permanent anticyclonic eddy with the characteristic of periodic regeneration in the Lofoten Basin (LB), which is one of the major areas of deep vertical mixing in the Nordic Sea. Our analysis of the LV contributes to our understanding of the variations in convective mixing in the LB. Based on drifter data and satellite altimeter data, the climatological results show that the LV has the sea surface characteristics of relative stability in terms of its spatial position and significant seasonal variations in its physical characteristics. Combined with the temperature and salinity data of Argo profiles, the vertical structures of the LV are presented here in terms of their spatial distribution and monthly variations. The wavelet analysis of the satellite sea surface temperature (SST) data shows that the period of SST anomaly (SSTA) in the LV sea area is 8\u201316 years. In the stage marked by a decreasing (increasing) trend of SSTA, the vertical mixing is strengthened (weakened). Current vertical mixing is clearly revealed by the Argo profiles, and the SSTA shows a significant impact of cooling. However, against a background of warming and freshening, this vertical mixing will be greatly weakened in the next increasing trending stage of the SSTA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T02:10:13Z","timestamp":1680487813000},"page":"1903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of Seasonal and Long-Term Variations in the Surface and Vertical Structures of the Lofoten Vortex"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9261-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China"}]},{"given":"Jianhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536007, China"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China"}]},{"given":"Xiayan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China"}]},{"given":"Junming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Xiong\u2019an Atmospheric Boundary Layer Key Laboratory, Xiong\u2019an New Area, Baoding 071799, China"}]},{"given":"Qiyan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icesjms.2004.05.003","article-title":"Water-mass formation and distribution in the nordic seas during the 1990s","volume":"61","author":"Blindheim","year":"2004","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L01604","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021791","article-title":"Linear trends in salinity for the world ocean, 1955\u20131998","volume":"32","author":"Boyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2006.12.012","article-title":"The atlantic water flow along the v\u00f8ring plateau: Detecting frontal structures in oceanic station time series","volume":"54","author":"Nilsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49599-8","article-title":"Dynamical controls on the longevity of a non-linear vortex: The case of the lofoten basin eddy","volume":"9","author":"Bosse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2021.102609","article-title":"Lateral redistribution of heat and salt in the nordic seas","volume":"196","author":"Spall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Progr. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C11003","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC006939","article-title":"Heat and freshwater budgets of the nordic seas computed from atmospheric reanalysis and ocean observations","volume":"116","author":"Segtnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JC015799","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015799","article-title":"Springtime export of arctic sea ice influences phytoplankton production in the greenland sea","volume":"125","author":"Mayot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C04011","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JC005073","article-title":"Pathways of inflow and dispersion of warm waters in the nordic seas","volume":"114","author":"Rossby","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.2001.tb00052.x","article-title":"Upper layer circulation of the nordic seas as inferred from the spatial distribution of heat and freshwater content and potential energy","volume":"20","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polar. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2006.03.014","article-title":"Variations of mixed layer properties in the norwegian sea for the period 1948\u20131999","volume":"70","author":"Nilsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progr. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-14-0238.1","article-title":"Observations of water mass transformation and eddies in the lofoten basin of the nordic seas","volume":"45","author":"Richards","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50126","article-title":"Puzzling over the dynamics of the lofoten basin-a sub-arctic hot spot of ocean variability","volume":"40","author":"Volkov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC011637","article-title":"Quantifying mesoscale eddies in the Lofoten Basin","volume":"121","author":"Raj","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.05.043","article-title":"Statistical analysis of long-lived mesoscale eddies in the lofoten basin from satellite altimetry","volume":"68","author":"Gordeeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1989)019<0020:APSOMM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A process study of mesoscale meanders and eddies in the norwegian coastal current","volume":"19","author":"Ikeda","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1989)019<0003:TDSOME>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Three-dimensional structure of mesoscale eddies in the norwegian coastal current","volume":"19","author":"Johannessen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JPO3694.1","article-title":"Generation and stability of a quasi-permanent vortex in the lofoten basin","volume":"37","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2009.07.005","article-title":"An isopycnal view of the nordic seas hydrography with focus on properties of the lofoten basin","volume":"56","author":"Rossby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016331","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016331","article-title":"The 3-d structure of mesoscale eddies in the lofoten basin of the norwegian sea: A composite analysis from altimetry and in situ data","volume":"125","author":"Sandalyuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d8rb\u00e6k, J.B., Kallenborn, R., Tombre, I., Hegseth, E.N., Falk-Petersen, S., and Hoel, A.H. (2007). Arctic Alpine Ecosystems and People in a Changing Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-48514-8"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C08032","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007078","article-title":"Variability of the norwegian atlantic current and associated eddy field from surface drifters","volume":"116","author":"Andersson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7897","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011012","article-title":"On the flow of a tlantic water and temperature anomalies in the nordic seas toward the arctic ocean","volume":"120","author":"Chafik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"14","article-title":"Structure and circulation of water masses in the area of an anticyclonic vortex in the north-eastern part of the norwegian sea","volume":"65","author":"Alexeev","year":"1991","journal-title":"Russ. Probl. Arct. Antarct."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"62","article-title":"Formation and regeneration of the pycnocline lens in the norwegian sea","volume":"9","author":"Ivanov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"32","article-title":"Dynamics of an intrapycnocline lens in the Norwegian sea","volume":"10","author":"Ivanov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"549","article-title":"On the physical nature of large-scale counter-cyclical cycle in the water column of the norwegian sea","volume":"364","author":"Pereskokov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rep. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2017.08.001","article-title":"On the vertical structure and stability of the lofoten vortex in the norwegian sea","volume":"128","author":"Bashmachnikov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"75","article-title":"Large-scale structure and characteristics of the average circulation of the water","volume":"65","author":"Romantcev","year":"1991","journal-title":"Probl. Arctic. Antarc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L18607","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034846","article-title":"Rigid topographic control of currents in the nordic seas","volume":"35","author":"Prater","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2011.01.007","article-title":"Surface circulation in the nordic seas from clustered drifters","volume":"58","author":"Koszalka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4438","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC011726","article-title":"On the long-term stability of the lofoten basin eddy","volume":"121","author":"Chafik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-20-0029.1","article-title":"The regeneration of the lofoten vortex through vertical alignment","volume":"50","author":"Trodahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2015.09.001","article-title":"Formation and variability of the lofoten basin vortex in a high-resolution ocean model","volume":"105","author":"Volkov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-18-0275.1","article-title":"A double-thermostad warm-core ring of the gulf stream","volume":"50","author":"Belkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-10-05028.1","article-title":"A scheme to identify loops from trajectories of oceanic surface drifters: An application in the Kuroshio Extension region","volume":"28","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/os-7-1-2011","article-title":"Absolute Salinity, \u201cDensity Salinity\u201d and the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale: Present and future use in the seawater standard TEOS-10","volume":"7","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:APGTWA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A practical guide to wavelet analysis","volume":"79","author":"Torrence","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-018-2569-3","article-title":"The analysis of global surface temperature wavelets from 1884 to 2014","volume":"136","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2014.10.011","article-title":"The lofoten vortex of the nordic seas","volume":"96","author":"Raj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L01306","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018687","article-title":"The deepening of the Atlantic water in the Lofoten Basin of the Norwegian Sea, demonstrated by using an active reduced gravity model","volume":"31","author":"Orvik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12319","DOI":"10.1029\/94JC00530","article-title":"The production of north atlantic deep water: Sources, rates, and pathways","volume":"99","author":"Dickson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JC019131","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JC019131","article-title":"Global mapping of mesoscale eddy vertical tilt","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1903\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:08:27Z","timestamp":1760123307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15071903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15071903","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]]}}}