{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:24:08Z","timestamp":1769520248971,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]],"date-time":"2023-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements","award":["2021WHZ0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021WHZ0080"]}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements","award":["2022CMG03006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CMG03006"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd.","award":["2021WHZ0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021WHZ0080"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd.","award":["2022CMG03006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CMG03006"]}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","award":["2021WHZ0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021WHZ0080"]}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","award":["2022CMG03006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CMG03006"]}]},{"name":"2022 Science and Technology Benefiting the People Project of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region","award":["2021WHZ0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021WHZ0080"]}]},{"name":"2022 Science and Technology Benefiting the People Project of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region","award":["2022CMG03006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CMG03006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is an efficient and nondestructive geophysical method with great potential for detecting soil water content at the farmland scale. However, a key challenge in soil detection is obtaining soil water content rapidly and in real-time. In recent years, deep learning methods have become more widespread in the earth sciences, making it possible to use them for soil water content inversion from GPR data. In this paper, we propose a neural network framework GPRSW based on deep learning of GPR data. GPRSW is an end-to-end network that directly inverts volumetric soil water content (VSWC) through single-channel GPR data. Synthetic experiments show that GPRSW accurately identifies different VSWC boundaries in the model in time depth. The predicted VSWC and model fit well within 40 ns, with a maximum error after 40 ns of less than 0.10 cm3 \u00d7 cm\u22123. To validate our method, we conducted GPR measurements at the experimental field of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Gongzhuling City, Jilin Province and applied GPRSW to VSWC measurements. The results show that predicted values of GPRSW match with field soil samples and are consistent with the overall trend of the TDR soil probe samples, with a maximum difference not exceeding 0.03 cm3 \u00d7 cm\u22123. Therefore, our study shows that GPRSW has the potential to be applied to obtain soil water content from GPR data on farmland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T02:10:13Z","timestamp":1680487813000},"page":"1906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Study on Rapid Inversion of Soil Water Content from Ground-Penetrating Radar Data Based on Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhilian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaofa","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongqiang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1269-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baizhou","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1058-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahe","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Risheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710075, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longfei","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710075, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1006.2008.00268","article-title":"Effects of Soil Moisture and Irrigation Patterns during Grain Filling on Grain Yield and Quality of Rice and Their Physiological Mechanism","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Agron. 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