{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1776514110792,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42076238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076238"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42176012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176012"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42130402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130402"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFC3101702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3101702"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["23ZR1426900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1426900"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["X202310264028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X202310264028"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42076238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076238"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42176012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176012"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42130402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130402"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC3101702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3101702"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["23ZR1426900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1426900"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["X202310264028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X202310264028"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["42076238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076238"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["42176012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176012"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["42130402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130402"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["2021YFC3101702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3101702"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["23ZR1426900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1426900"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["X202310264028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X202310264028"]}]},{"name":"2023 Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of the Shanghai Ocean University","award":["42076238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076238"]}]},{"name":"2023 Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of the Shanghai Ocean University","award":["42176012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176012"]}]},{"name":"2023 Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of the Shanghai Ocean University","award":["42130402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130402"]}]},{"name":"2023 Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of the Shanghai Ocean University","award":["2021YFC3101702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3101702"]}]},{"name":"2023 Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of the Shanghai Ocean University","award":["23ZR1426900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1426900"]}]},{"name":"2023 Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of the Shanghai Ocean University","award":["X202310264028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X202310264028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several aspects of global climate change, e.g., the rise of sea level and water temperature anomalies, suggest the advantages of studying wave distributions. In this study, WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) (version 6.07), which is a well-known numerical wave model, was employed for simulating waves over global seas from 1993\u20132020. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS), current and sea level were used as the forcing fields in the WW3 model. The validation of modelling simulations against the measurements from the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys and Haiyang-2B (HY-2B) altimeter yielded a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.49 m and 0.63 m, with a correlation (COR) of 0.89 and 0.90, respectively. The terms calculated by WW3-simulated waves, i.e., breaking waves, nonbreaking waves, radiation stress, and Stokes drift, were included in the water temperature simulation by a numerical circulation model named the Stony Brook Parallel Ocean Model (sbPOM). The water temperature was simulated in 2005\u20132015 using the high-quality Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) data. The validation of sbPOM-simulated results against the measurements obtained from the Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography (Argo) buoys yielded a RMSE of 1.12 \u00b0C and a COR of 0.99. By the seasonal variation, the interrelation of the currents, sea level anomaly, and significant wave heights (SWHs) were strong in the Indian Ocean. In the strong current areas, the distribution of the sea level was consistent with the SWHs. The monthly variation of SWHs, currents, sea surface elevation, and sea level anomalies revealed that the upward trends of SWHs and sea level anomalies were consistent from 1993\u20132015 over the global ocean. In the Indian Ocean, the SWHs were obviously influenced by the SST and sea surface wind stress. The rise of wind stress intensity and sea level enlarges the growth of waves, and the wave-induced terms strengthen the heat exchange at the air\u2013sea layer. It was assumed that the SST oscillation had a negative response to the SWHs in the global ocean from 2005\u20132015. This feedback indicates that the growth of waves could slow down the amplitude of water warming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T05:21:23Z","timestamp":1680758483000},"page":"1948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Respondence of Wave on Sea Surface Temperature in the Context of Global Change"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ru","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3693-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weizeng","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}]},{"given":"Juncheng","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo.2007.28","article-title":"High rates of sea-level rise during the last interglacial period","volume":"1","author":"Rohling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. 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