{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T21:53:21Z","timestamp":1774302801590,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42101450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101450"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42230109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230109"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202101BE070001-037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101BE070001-037"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202201AU070104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070104"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202201AU070014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070014"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["42101450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101450"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["42230109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230109"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202101BE070001-037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101BE070001-037"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202201AU070104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070104"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202201AU070014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070014"]}]},{"name":"Platform Construction Project of High-Level Talent in KUST","award":["42101450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101450"]}]},{"name":"Platform Construction Project of High-Level Talent in KUST","award":["42230109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230109"]}]},{"name":"Platform Construction Project of High-Level Talent in KUST","award":["202101BE070001-037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101BE070001-037"]}]},{"name":"Platform Construction Project of High-Level Talent in KUST","award":["202201AU070104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070104"]}]},{"name":"Platform Construction Project of High-Level Talent in KUST","award":["202201AU070014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Open-Source Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is fundamental data of the geoscientific community. However, the variation of its accuracy with land cover type and topography has not been thoroughly studied. This study evaluates the accuracy of five globally covered and open-accessed DEM products (TanDEM-X90 m, SRTEM, NASADEM, ASTER GDEM, and AW3D30) in the mountain area using ICESat\/GLAS data as the GCPs. The robust evaluation indicators were utilized to compare the five DEMs\u2019 accuracy and explore the relationship between these errors and slope, aspect, landcover types, and vegetation coverage, thereby revealing the consistency differences in DEM quality under different geographical feature conditions. The Taguchi method is introduced to quantify the impact of these surface characteristics on DEM errors. The results show that the slope is the main factor affecting the accuracy of DEM products, accounting for about 90%, 81%, 85%, 83%, and 65% for TanDEM-X90, SRTM, NASADEM, ASTER GDEM, and AW3D30, respectively. TanDEM-X90 has the highest accuracy in very flat areas (slope &lt; 2\u00b0), NASADEM and SRTM have the greatest accuracy in flat areas (2 \u2264 slope &lt; 5\u00b0), while AW3D30 accuracy is the best in other cases and shows the best consistency on slopes. This study makes a new attempt to quantify the factors affecting the accuracy of DEM, and the results can guide the selection of open-source DEMs in related geoscience research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T08:41:52Z","timestamp":1680770512000},"page":"1952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Accuracy Assessment of High-Resolution Globally Available Open-Source DEMs Using ICESat\/GLAS over Mountainous Areas, A Case Study in Yunnan Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8027-4866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Menghua","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}]},{"given":"Xiebing","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1918-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo-Hui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1449-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengshi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1029\/94WR01971","article-title":"Effects of digital elevation model map scale and data resolution on a topography-based watershed model","volume":"30","author":"Wolock","year":"1994","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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