{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T21:37:01Z","timestamp":1779399421764,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,9]],"date-time":"2023-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42177081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177081"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41877312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877312"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Z211100004321006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100004321006"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["8222075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8222075"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JCTD-2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTD-2021-10"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["DQGG202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DQGG202101"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Major Science and Technology Project","award":["42177081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177081"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Major Science and Technology Project","award":["41877312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877312"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Major Science and Technology Project","award":["Z211100004321006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100004321006"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Major Science and Technology Project","award":["8222075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8222075"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Major Science and Technology Project","award":["JCTD-2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTD-2021-10"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Major Science and Technology Project","award":["DQGG202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DQGG202101"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["42177081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177081"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["41877312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877312"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["Z211100004321006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100004321006"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["8222075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8222075"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["JCTD-2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTD-2021-10"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["DQGG202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DQGG202101"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42177081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177081"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["41877312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877312"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["Z211100004321006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100004321006"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["8222075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8222075"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["JCTD-2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTD-2021-10"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["DQGG202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DQGG202101"]}]},{"name":"National Research Program for Key Issues in Air Pollution Control","award":["42177081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177081"]}]},{"name":"National Research Program for Key Issues in Air Pollution Control","award":["41877312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877312"]}]},{"name":"National Research Program for Key Issues in Air Pollution Control","award":["Z211100004321006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100004321006"]}]},{"name":"National Research Program for Key Issues in Air Pollution Control","award":["8222075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8222075"]}]},{"name":"National Research Program for Key Issues in Air Pollution Control","award":["JCTD-2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTD-2021-10"]}]},{"name":"National Research Program for Key Issues in Air Pollution Control","award":["DQGG202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DQGG202101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rfn (formaldehyde\/nitrogen dioxide) is a common indicator based on satellite observations used to classify ozone formation sensitivity. However, it may underestimate anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in heavily polluted cities when only formaldehyde (HCHO) is used in Rfn to measure VOCs, since it is mainly derived from natural sources worldwide. In this study, we used multiaxis differential optical absorption spectroscopy to acquire tropospheric observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), HCHO and glyoxal (CHOCHO) in Beijing from 1 April 2019 to 31 March 2020. Combined with VOCs detected simultaneously by gas chromatography\u2014mass spectrometry and proton transfer reaction\u2013time-of-flight\/mass spectrometry near the ground, we evaluated the representativeness of HCHO column densities on total VOCs (TVOC) in equivalent propylene concentrations, which is called reactivity. The results showed that there were significant seasonal differences in the response of HCHO to TVOC reactivity, with fitting slopes of 2.3 (spring), 2.6 (summer), 2.9 (autumn) and 1.0 (winter) in the four seasons, respectively. Since CHOCHO can be used to partly characterize the contribution of anthropogenic VOC emissions and demonstrated a better response to TVOC reactivity in winter, with fitting slopes of 0.2 (spring), 0.2 (summer), 0.2 (autumn) and 0.5 (winter) in the four seasons, respectively, we introduced CHOCHO to construct a new indicator (HCHO + 6 \u00d7 CHOCHO). The fitting slopes of the four seasons were more similar, being 3.2 (spring), 3.6 (summer), 4.0 (autumn) and 4.0 (winter). The ratio of the new indicator to NO2, Rmn ((HCHO + 6 \u00d7 CHOCHO)\/NO2), was used to reclassify the ozone formation sensitivity of urban areas in North China, revealing that it is a transition regime before 1300 LST (LST = UST + 8) and an NOx-limited regime afterwards. Rmn improved the sensitivity from the VOC-limited regime to the NOx-limited regime, enhancing the sensitivity of NOx and providing new robust support for ozone pollution prevention and control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15081982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:19:54Z","timestamp":1681096794000},"page":"1982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Problems with and Improvement of HCHO\/NO2 for Diagnosing Ozone Sensitivity\u2014A Case in Beijing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yanyu","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4381-5344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guiqian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoxian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Institute for Development and Programme Design (CMAIDP), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuesi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa032","article-title":"Contrasting trends of PM2.5 and surface-ozone concentrations in China from 2013 to 2017","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. 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