{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:40:41Z","timestamp":1776314441737,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,9]],"date-time":"2023-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42261079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42261079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41961058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41961058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NJYT22027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT22027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NJYT23019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT23019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JBBJ014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBBJ014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JBQN093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBQN093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CXJJS21150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXJJS21150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020BS04009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BS04009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020BS03042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BS03042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S20210276Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S20210276Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CXJJS21150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXJJS21150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Talent Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia","award":["42101030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101030"]}]},{"name":"Talent Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia","award":["42261079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42261079"]}]},{"name":"Talent Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia","award":["41961058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41961058"]}]},{"name":"Talent Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia","award":["NJYT22027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT22027"]}]},{"name":"Talent Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia","award":["NJYT23019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT23019"]}]},{"name":"Talent Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia","award":["2022JBBJ014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBBJ014"]}]},{"name":"Talent Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia","award":["2022JBQN093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBQN093"]}]},{"name":"Talent Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia","award":["CXJJS21150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXJJS21150"]}]},{"name":"Talent Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia","award":["2020BS04009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BS04009"]}]},{"name":"Talent Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia","award":["2020BS03042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BS03042"]}]},{"name":"Talent Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia","award":["S20210276Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S20210276Z"]}]},{"name":"Talent Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia","award":["CXJJS21150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXJJS21150"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["42101030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101030"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["42261079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42261079"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["41961058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41961058"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["NJYT22027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT22027"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["NJYT23019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT23019"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["2022JBBJ014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBBJ014"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["2022JBQN093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBQN093"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["CXJJS21150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXJJS21150"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["2020BS04009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BS04009"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["2020BS03042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BS03042"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["S20210276Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S20210276Z"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["CXJJS21150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXJJS21150"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42261079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42261079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41961058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41961058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NJYT22027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT22027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NJYT23019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT23019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JBBJ014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBBJ014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JBQN093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBQN093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CXJJS21150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXJJS21150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020BS04009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BS04009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020BS03042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BS03042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S20210276Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S20210276Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CXJJS21150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXJJS21150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"graduate student education innovation program fund of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["42101030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101030"]}]},{"name":"graduate student education innovation program fund of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["42261079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42261079"]}]},{"name":"graduate student education innovation program fund of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["41961058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41961058"]}]},{"name":"graduate student education innovation program fund of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["NJYT22027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT22027"]}]},{"name":"graduate student education innovation program fund of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["NJYT23019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT23019"]}]},{"name":"graduate student education innovation program fund of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2022JBBJ014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBBJ014"]}]},{"name":"graduate student education innovation program fund of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2022JBQN093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBQN093"]}]},{"name":"graduate student education innovation program fund of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["CXJJS21150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXJJS21150"]}]},{"name":"graduate student education innovation program fund of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2020BS04009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BS04009"]}]},{"name":"graduate student education innovation program fund of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2020BS03042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BS03042"]}]},{"name":"graduate student education innovation program fund of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["S20210276Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S20210276Z"]}]},{"name":"graduate student education innovation program fund of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["CXJJS21150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXJJS21150"]}]},{"name":"graduate students\u2019 research and innovation fund of Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["42101030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101030"]}]},{"name":"graduate students\u2019 research and innovation fund of Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["42261079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42261079"]}]},{"name":"graduate students\u2019 research and innovation fund of Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["41961058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41961058"]}]},{"name":"graduate students\u2019 research and innovation fund of Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["NJYT22027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT22027"]}]},{"name":"graduate students\u2019 research and innovation fund of Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["NJYT23019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT23019"]}]},{"name":"graduate students\u2019 research and innovation fund of Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["2022JBBJ014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBBJ014"]}]},{"name":"graduate students\u2019 research and innovation fund of Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["2022JBQN093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBQN093"]}]},{"name":"graduate students\u2019 research and innovation fund of Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["CXJJS21150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXJJS21150"]}]},{"name":"graduate students\u2019 research and innovation fund of Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["2020BS04009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BS04009"]}]},{"name":"graduate students\u2019 research and innovation fund of Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["2020BS03042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BS03042"]}]},{"name":"graduate students\u2019 research and innovation fund of Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["S20210276Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S20210276Z"]}]},{"name":"graduate students\u2019 research and innovation fund of Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["CXJJS21150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXJJS21150"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, multiple disturbances have significantly altered terrestrial ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly on the Mongolian Plateau (MP). Net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation is an essential component of the surface carbon cycle. As such, it characterizes the state of variation in terrestrial ecosystems and reflects the productive capacity of natural vegetation. This study revealed the complex relationship between the natural environment and NPP in the ecologically fragile and sensitive MP. The modified Carnegie\u2013Ames\u2013Stanford Approach (CASA) model was used to simulate vegetation NPP. Further, the contributions of topography, vegetation, soils, and climate to NPP\u2019s distribution and spatiotemporal variation were explored using the geographic detector model (GDM) and structural equation model (SEM). The study\u2019s findings indicate the following: (1) NPPs for different vegetation types in the MP were in the order of broad-leaved forest &gt; meadow steppe &gt; coniferous forest &gt; cropland &gt; shrub &gt; typical steppe &gt; sandy land &gt; alpine steppe &gt; desert steppe. (2) NPP showed an increasing trend during the growing seasons from 2000 to 2019, with forests providing larger vegetation carbon stocks. It also maintained a more stable level of productivity. (3) Vegetation cover, precipitation, soil moisture, and solar radiation were the key factors affecting NPP\u2019s spatial distribution. NPP\u2019s spatial distribution was primarily explained by the normalized difference vegetation index, solar radiation, precipitation, vegetation type, soil moisture, and soil type (-statistics = 0.86, 0.71, 0.67, 0.67, 0.57, and 0.57, respectively); the contribution of temperature was small (-statistics = 0.26), and topographic factors had the least influence on NPP\u2019s distribution, as their contribution amounted to less than 0.20. (4) A SEM constructed based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), solar radiation, precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture explained 17% to 65% of the MP\u2019s NPP variations. The total effects of the MP\u2019s NPP variations in absolute values were in the order of NDVI (0.47) &gt; precipitation (0.33) &gt; soil moisture (0.16) &gt; temperature (0.14) &gt; solar radiation (0.02), and the mechanisms responsible for NPP variations differed slightly among the relevant vegetation types. Overall, this study can help understand the mechanisms responsible for the MP\u2019s NPP variations and offer a new perspective for regional vegetation ecosystem management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15081986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:19:54Z","timestamp":1681096794000},"page":"1986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Quantifying the Contribution of Driving Factors on Distribution and Change of Net Primary Productivity of Vegetation in the Mongolian Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chaohua","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0648-286X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"given":"Fanhao","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"given":"Chula","family":"Sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"given":"Shanhu","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"given":"Yuhai","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122396","article-title":"Assessing extreme climatic changes on a monthly scale and their implications for vegetation in Central Asia","volume":"271","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20764-9","article-title":"Carbon storage in China\u2019s terrestrial ecosystems: A synthesis","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142337","article-title":"Global response of terrestrial gross primary productivity to climate extremes","volume":"750","author":"Minshu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106971","article-title":"Carbon use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems in desert\/grassland biome transition zone: A case in Ningxia province, northwest China","volume":"120","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136691","article-title":"The impacts of climate changes and human activities on net primary productivity vary across an ecotone zone in Northwest China","volume":"714","author":"Teng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107276","article-title":"Relationship between net primary production and climate change in different vegetation zones based on EEMD detrending\u2014A case study of Northwest China","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.119848","article-title":"The mangrove blue carbon sink potential: Evidence from three net primary production assessment methods","volume":"504","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0220-7","article-title":"China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management","volume":"2","author":"Chi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124330","article-title":"Quantifying influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on vegetation changes using structural equation modeling: A case study in Jiangsu Province, China","volume":"280","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.106013","article-title":"What drives the vegetation dynamics in the Hengduan Mountain region, southwest China: Climate change or human activity?","volume":"112","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-017-1370-z","article-title":"A systematic review of research studies on the estimation of net primary productivity in the Three-River Headwater Region, China","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geog. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"102708","article-title":"Relationships between climate change, phenology, edaphic factors, and net primary productivity across the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"107","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-019-1063-x","article-title":"Assessing the Dynamics of Grassland Net Primary Productivity in Response to Climate Change at the Global Scale","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"85","article-title":"Dynamics of net primary productivity on the Mongolian Plateau: Joint regulations of phenology and drought","volume":"81","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145644","article-title":"Grassland type-dependent spatiotemporal characteristics of productivity in Inner Mongolia and its response to climate factors","volume":"775","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Z., Wu, W., Yu, X., Song, Q., Yang, J., Wu, J., and Zhang, H. (2018). Variation of Net Primary Production and Its Correlation with Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities over the Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091352"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"84","article-title":"Modeling net primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid climate of the Mongolian Plateau using LSWI-based CASA ecosystem model","volume":"46","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111144","article-title":"Net Primary Productivity Loss under different drought levels in different grassland ecosystems","volume":"274","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802443457","article-title":"Geographical Detectors-Based Health Risk Assessment and its Application in the Neural Tube Defects Study of the Heshun Region, China","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geog. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, Y., Guo, E., Wang, Y., Bao, Y., Bao, Y., and Mandula, N. (2021). Monitoring Vegetation Change and Its Potential Drivers in Inner Mongolia from 2000 to 2019. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173357"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108005","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variation and influencing factors of vegetation dynamics based on Geodetector: A case study of the northwestern Yunnan Plateau, China","volume":"130","author":"Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08606-6","article-title":"Determining the contributions of climate change and human activities to the vegetation NPP dynamics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, from 2000 to 2015","volume":"192","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2019.06.017","article-title":"Variations and climate constraints of terrestrial net primary productivity over Mongolia","volume":"537","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095009","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab9692","article-title":"Non-climatic component provoked substantial spatiotemporal changes of carbon and water use efficiency on the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, E., Wang, Y., Wang, C., Sun, Z., Bao, Y., Mandula, N., Jirigala, B., Bao, Y., and Li, H. (2021). NDVI Indicates Long-Term Dynamics of Vegetation and Its Driving Forces from Climatic and Anthropogenic Factors in Mongolian Plateau. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040688"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105505","article-title":"Response of vegetation phenology to soil moisture dynamics in the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"206","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.104845","article-title":"Drought-induced shift from a carbon sink to a carbon source in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"195","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108341","article-title":"Diverse responses of grassland dynamics to climatic and anthropogenic factors across the different time scale in China","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-013-9865-1","article-title":"Drivers of the dynamics in net primary productivity across ecological zones on the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152198","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the effects of climate, vegetation, soil and groundwater on soil moisture spatiotemporal variability in the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"809","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.09.021","article-title":"MODIS-derived global land products of shortwave radiation and diffuse and total photosynthetically active radiation at 5km resolution from 2000","volume":"204","author":"Ryu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ. Interdiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-021-06906-w","article-title":"Comparative study of innovative trend analysis technique with Mann-Kendall tests for extreme rainfall","volume":"14","author":"PZ","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-016-0063-3","article-title":"Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: An updated review","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Process."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Kline, R.B. (2022). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, The Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.024","article-title":"Drivers of tree carbon storage in subtropical forests","volume":"654","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Z., Zhang, Z., Yang, J., and Wang, L. (2022). Quantifying the Influences of Driving Factors on Vegetation EVI Changes Using Structural Equation Model: A Case Study in Anhui Province, China. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174203"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028599","article-title":"Mother-adolescent conflict as a mediator between adolescent problem behaviors and maternal psychological control","volume":"49","author":"Steeger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"103","article-title":"Grassland responses to grazing: Effects of grazing intensity and management system in an Inner Mongolian steppe ecosystem","volume":"340","author":"Wan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4273","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal pattern of cultivated land productivity based on net primary productivity and analysis of influencing factors in the Songhua River basin","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108767","article-title":"The variation of net primary productivity and underlying mechanisms vary under different drought stress in Central Asia from 1990 to 2020","volume":"314","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31667-9","article-title":"Widespread increasing vegetation sensitivity to soil moisture","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1837-9","article-title":"Global patterns and climatic drivers of above- and belowground net primary productivity in grasslands","volume":"64","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106545","article-title":"Applying Geodetector to disentangle the contributions of natural and anthropogenic factors to NDVI variations in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin","volume":"117","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149055","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on vegetation phenology and net primary productivity in arid Central Asia","volume":"796","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40645-017-0154-5","article-title":"Northern Eurasia Future Initiative (NEFI): Facing the challenges and pathways of global change in the twenty-first century","volume":"4","author":"Groisman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-20-2169-2016","article-title":"Dynamic changes in terrestrial net primary production and their effects on evapotranspiration","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145648","article-title":"Quantifying the contributions of human activities and climate change to vegetation net primary productivity dynamics in China from 2001 to 2016","volume":"773","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baligar, V.C., Elson, M., He, Z., Li, Y., Paiva, A.D.Q., Almeida, A.-A., and Ahnert, D. (2020). Light Intensity Effects on the Growth, Physiological and Nutritional Parameters of Tropical Perennial Legume Cover Crops. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10101515"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.07.035","article-title":"Quantifying driving factors of vegetation carbon stocks of Moso bamboo forests using machine learning algorithm combined with structural equation model","volume":"429","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5848","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15854","article-title":"Accelerated increase in vegetation carbon sequestration in China after 2010: A turning point resulting from climate and human interaction","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026595011371","article-title":"MacKinnon DP, Krull JL, Lockwood CM. Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect","volume":"1","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prev. Sci. Off. J. Soc. Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, C., Luo, M., Meng, F., Sa, C., Yuan, Z., and Bao, Y. (2022). Contributions of Climatic and Anthropogenic Drivers to Net Primary Productivity of Vegetation in the Mongolian Plateau. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143383"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134304","article-title":"Impact of human activities and climate change on the grassland dynamics under different regime policies in the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"698","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3767","article-title":"Grassland greening on the Mongolian Plateau despite higher grazing intensity","volume":"32","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/1986\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:12:54Z","timestamp":1760123574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/1986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15081986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15081986","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,9]]}}}