{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:03:09Z","timestamp":1760148189220,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MATTM-Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (now Ministero della Transizione ecologica-MiTE)","award":["19689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19689"]}]},{"name":"Direzione Generale per la Salvaguardia del Territorio e delle Acque","award":["19689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19689"]}]},{"name":"CRAS\u2014Aerospace Research Center Sapienza, Sapienza University of Rome","award":["19689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19689"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ancient mining and quarrying activities left anthropogenic geomorphologies that have shaped the natural landscape and affected environmental equilibria. The artificial structures and their related effects on the surrounding environment are analyzed here to characterize the quarrying landscape in the southeast area of Rome in terms of its dimensions, typology, state of preservation and interface with the urban environment. The increased occurrence of sinkhole events in urban areas has already been scientifically correlated to ancient cavities under increasing urban pressure. In this scenario, additional interacting anthropogenic factors, such as the aerial bombardments perpetrated during the Second World War, are considered here. These three factors have been investigated by employing a combined geomatic methodology. Information on air raids has been organized in vector archives. A dataset of historical aerial photographs has been processed into Digital Surface Models and orthomosaics to reconstruct the quarry landscape and its evolution, identify typologies of exploitation and forms of collapse and corroborate the discussion concerning the induced historical and recent subsidence phenomena, comparing these outputs with photogrammetric products obtained from recent satellite data. Geological and urbanistic characterization of the study area allowed a better connection between these historical and environmental factors. In light of the information gathered so far, SAR interferometric products allowed a preliminary interpretation of ground instabilities surrounding historical quarries, air raids and recent subsidence events. Various sub-areas of the AOI where the presence of the considered factors also corresponds to areas in slight subsidence in the SAR velocity maps have been highlighted. Bivariate hotspot analysis allowed substantiating the hypothesis of a spatial correlation between these multiple aspects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T01:33:03Z","timestamp":1681176783000},"page":"2011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Appraisal of Ancient Quarries and WWII Air Raids as Factors of Subsidence in Rome: A Geomatic Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5974-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Celauro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Ambientale-(DICEA), Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Palenzuela Baena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Ambientale-(DICEA), Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Survey Lab s.r.l., Via Cavour 167, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Moriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Ambientale-(DICEA), Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Maass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freiburger Institut f\u00fcr Pal\u00e4owissenschaftliche Studien (FIPS), Albertstra\u00dfe 14A, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7582-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco","family":"Guerrero Tello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Osservatorio Etneo, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Peppe Junior Valentino","family":"D\u2019Aranno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Ambientale-(DICEA), Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Survey Lab s.r.l., Via Cavour 167, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3236-934X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Marsella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Ambientale-(DICEA), Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Ricerca Aerospaziale Sapienza (CRAS), Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Haicher, P.J. 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