{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:00:23Z","timestamp":1776088823857,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Seoul Business Agency (SBA)","award":["IC21210066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC21210066"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-cost unmanned aerial system (UAS) photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanner (TLS, terrestrial LiDAR) technologies are being used as noncontact measurement methods for collecting unstructured data for the maintenance of construction infrastructure facilities. This study investigated the possibility of settlement, which is a maintenance condition evaluation item for fill-dam bodies, using point clouds based on the UAS (unmanned aerial system) structure from motion (UAS-SfM) and TLS (terrestrial laser scanner) point clouds. Specifically, the Z-axis RMSE of the point cloud improved to 0.012 m and the shape reproducibility rate to 98.53% by complementing the heterogeneous data of the UAS and TLS by combining the two systems with block coordination and ICP algorithms. The maximum settlement height and volume (heaving) of the dam crest and upstream and downstream slopes were derived from the combined UAS\/TLS point-cloud-based 3D model. The quantitative values for the settlement of the fill-dam body were derived using the combined 3D model with high accuracy and density. This result verified the possibility of using the combined 3D model for evaluation of the maintenance condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T01:35:08Z","timestamp":1681263308000},"page":"2026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Efficiency Study of Combined UAS Photogrammetry and Terrestrial LiDAR in 3D Modeling for Maintenance and Management of Fill Dams"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Joonoh","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Komapper, Seoul 06097, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Daljoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Komapper, Seoul 06097, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2197-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chulhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Gyeonggi 10223, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Jaemo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Gyeonggi 10223, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Donggyou","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Gyeonggi 10223, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Korea Authority of Land & Infrastructure Safety (2021). 2021 Facility Statistical Yearbook, Korea Authority of Land & Infrastructure Safety."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2015.01.012","article-title":"Automated as-built 3d reconstruction of civil infrastructure using computer vision: Achievements, opportunities, and challenges","volume":"29","author":"Fathi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"904","article-title":"Enhancing dam safety evaluation using dam digital twins","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Struct. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Dim, M.N., Pereira, P.F., Martins, J.P., and Ramos, N.M.M. (2022). Digital Twins for Construction Assets Using BIM Standard Specifications. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12122155"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2018.00031","article-title":"Utility UAV and 3D computer vision for visual inspection of a large gravity dam","volume":"4","author":"Khaloo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zang, Y., Yang, B., Li, J., and Guan, H. (2019). An accurate TLS and UAV image point clouds registration method for deformation detection of chaotic hillside areas. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060647"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01428-0","article-title":"Characterization of displacement and internal structure of landslides from multitemporal UAV and ERT imaging","volume":"17","author":"Samodra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665478","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2021.665478","article-title":"Detection and numerical simulation of potential hazard in oil pipeline areas based on UAV surveys","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6880","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126880","article-title":"Using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for high-resolution reconstruction of topography: The structure from motion approach on coastal environments","volume":"5","author":"Mancini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2014.13.6.1065","article-title":"A Review of rotorcraft unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developments and applications in civil engineering","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-015-0165-0","article-title":"UAV monitoring and documentation of a large landslide","volume":"8","author":"Lindner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-1104-z","article-title":"Geometric and kinematic features of a landslide in Mabian, Sichuan, China, derived from UAV photography","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2018.12.013","article-title":"3D mapping efficacy of a drone and terrestrial laser scanner over a temperate beach-dune zone","volume":"328","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Ma, L., Fu, X., Liu, C., Wang, Z., Tang, M., and Li, N. (2020). Landslides information extraction using object-oriented image analysis paradigm based on deep learning and transfer learning. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12050752"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-017-6860-x","article-title":"Modeling of landslide topography based on micro-unmanned aerial vehicle photography and structure-from-motion","volume":"76","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"63","article-title":"Assessment of positioning accuracy of UAV photogrammetry based on RTK-GPS","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korea Acad. \u2013Ind. Coop. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7154","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1515508","article-title":"The impact of number and spatial distribution of GCPs on the positional accuracy of geospatial products derived from low-cost UASs","volume":"39","author":"Rangel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaud, M., Bertin, S., Beauverger, M., Augereau, E., and Delacourt, C. (2020). RTK GNSS-assisted terrestrial SfM photogrammetry without GCP: Application to coastal morphodynamics monitoring. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111889"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801293","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2021.801293","article-title":"Precision evaluation and fusion of topographic data based on UAVs and TLS surveys of a loess landslide","volume":"9","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105229","article-title":"Influence of successive landslides on topographic changes revealed by multitemporal high-resolution UAS-based DEM","volume":"202","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2010.06.007","article-title":"Automatic reconstruction of as-built building information models from laser-scanned point clouds: A review of related techniques","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2014.914252","article-title":"Building segmentation and modeling from airborne LiDAR data","volume":"8","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111355","article-title":"Non-destructive tree volume estimation through quantitative structure modelling: Comparing UAV laser scanning with terrestrial LIDAR","volume":"233","author":"Brede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160a\u0161ak, J., Gallay, M., Ka\u0148uk, J., Hofierka, J., and Min\u00e1r, J. (2019). Combined use of terrestrial laser scanning and UAV photogrammetry in mapping alpine terrain. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182154"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"352","article-title":"Evaluation of 3D point cloud-based models for the prediction of grassland biomass","volume":"78","author":"Wijesingha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"5","article-title":"A study on damage factor analysis of slope anchor based on 3D numerical model combining UAS image and terrestrial LiDAR","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Korean Geotechn. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"183","article-title":"Three-dimensional building reconstruction using images obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"XXXVIII-1","author":"Wefelscheid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inform. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2017.1362039","article-title":"Survey of the Ridracoli dam: UAV\u2013based photogrammetry and traditional topographic techniques in the inspection of vertical structures","volume":"8","author":"Buffi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Haz. Risk"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2017.10.026","article-title":"An integrated terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), deviation analysis (DA) and finite element (FE) approach for health assessment of historical structures. A minaret case study","volume":"153","author":"Korumaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Carricondo, P., Ag\u00fcera-Vega, F., and Carvajal-Ram\u00edrez, F. (2020). Use of UAV-photogrammetry for quasi-vertical wall surveying. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142221"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of UAV-photogrammetric mapping accuracy based on variation of ground control points","volume":"72","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0942-4","article-title":"High-resolution monitoring of complex coastal morphology changes: Cross-efficiency of SfM and TLS-based survey (Vaches-Noires Cliffs, Normandy, France)","volume":"15","author":"Medjkane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2020.01.006","article-title":"Implementation of ultra-light UAV systems for cultural heritage documentation","volume":"44","author":"Bakirman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B5-895-2016","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of a UAV-based landslide monitoring system","volume":"41","author":"Peppa","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"705","article-title":"A study on the improvement of UAV based 3D point cloud spatial object location accuracy using road information","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8281","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1771788","article-title":"Effects of point cloud density, interpolation method and grid size on derived digital terrain model accuracy at micro topography level","volume":"41","author":"Mancini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Moon, D.-Y. (2019). An Optimization Method to Generate 3D Earthworks World Model Using Hybrid (UAV & TLS) Point Cloud Data. [Ph.D. Thesis, Sungkyunkwan University]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellicani, R., Argentiero, I., Manzari, P., Spilotro, G., Marzo, C., Ermini, R., and Apollonio, C. (2019). UAV and airborne LiDAR data for interpreting kinematic evolution of landslide movements: The case study of the Montescaglioso landslide (Southern Italy). Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9060248"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.105391","article-title":"Using the scanners and drone for comparison of point cloud accuracy at traffic accident analysis","volume":"135","author":"Kamnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40645-020-00336-0","article-title":"Spatial accuracy assessment of unmanned aerial vehicle-based structures from motion multi-view stereo photogrammetry for geomorphic observations in initiation zones of debris flows, Ohya landslide, Japan","volume":"7","author":"Tsunetaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"2345","article-title":"Deformation monitoring of earth-rock dams based on three-dimensional laser scanning technology","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4989","article-title":"Talus slope geomorphology investigated at multiple time scales from high-resolution topographic surveys and historical aerial photographs (Sanetsch Pass, Switzerland)","volume":"45","author":"Hendrickx","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liu, P., Li, H., and Huang, F. (2021). A comparison method for 3D laser point clouds in displacement change detection for arch dams. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10030184"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Henriques, M.J., and Roque, D. (2015, January 21\u201324). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) as a support to visual inspections of concrete dams. Proceedings of the Second International Dam World Conference, Laboratorio Nacional De Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/34.121791","article-title":"A method for registration of 3-D shapes","volume":"14","author":"Besl","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"57","article-title":"Generation of visually aesthetic and detailed 3D models of historical cities by using laser scanning and digital photogrammetry","volume":"8","author":"Fritsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digit. Appl. Archaeol. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/0020294019878869","article-title":"Iterative closest point registration for fast point feature histogram features of a volume density optimization algorithm","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meas. Control"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesas-Carrascosa, F.-J., Notario Garc\u00eda, M.D., Mero\u00f1o de Larriva, J.E., and Garc\u00eda-Ferrer, A. (2016). An analysis of the influence of flight parameters in the generation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) orthomosaicks to survey archaeological areas. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111838"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative accuracy of terrestrial LiDAR and unmanned aerial vehicles for 3D modeling of cultural properties","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cadastre Land Inf."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"57","article-title":"Construction of 3D spatial information of vertical structure by combining UAS and terrestrial LiDAR","volume":"49","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cadastre Land Inf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayakawa, Y.C., and Obanawa, H. (2020). Volumetric change detection in bedrock coastal cliffs using terrestrial laser scanning and UAS-based SfM. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123403"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, S.W., Kim, D.W., Sung, W.G., and Yu, J.J. (2020). Integrating UAV and TLS approaches for environmental management: A case study of a waste stockpile area. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101615"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-021-00571-8","article-title":"Combination of HBIM and UAV photogrammetry for modelling and documentation of forgotten heritage. Case study: Isabel II dam in N\u00edjar (Almer\u00eda, Spain)","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103832","article-title":"Structural health monitoring and inspection of dams based on UAV photogrammetry with image 3D reconstruction","volume":"130","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridolfi, E., Buffi, G., Venturi, S., and Manciola, P. (2017). Accuracy analysis of a dam model from drone surveys. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081777"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M.-D., Huang, K.-S., and Tsai, H.-P. (2016). Monitoring and measurement of an artificial landslide dam using UAV images and image-based modeling (MCSSE). DEStech Trans. Comput. Sci. Eng., 357\u2013362.","DOI":"10.12783\/dtcse\/mcsse2016\/10996"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"99","article-title":"Comparing dam movements obtained with terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) data against direct pendulums records","volume":"76","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Ing. Univ. Antioq."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s40999-016-0093-3","article-title":"Estimating and plotting TLS midrange precisions in field conditions: Application to dam monitoring","volume":"15","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaioni, M., Marsella, M., Crosetto, M., Tornatore, V., and Wang, J. (2018). Geodetic and remote-sensing sensors for dam deformation monitoring. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113682"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19479832.2016.1160960","article-title":"Advances in fusion of optical imagery and LiDAR point cloud applied to photogrammetry and remote sensing","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Data Fus."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2021). Special Act on the Safety Control and Maintenance of Establishments, KIRL."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-019-8516-5","article-title":"3D scene reconstruction of landslide topography based on data fusion between laser point cloud and UAV image","volume":"78","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"4016025","article-title":"Accuracy of digital surface models and orthophotos derived from unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry","volume":"143","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Surv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2018.1444945","article-title":"Planning airborne photogrammetry and remote-sensing missions with modern platforms and sensors","volume":"51","author":"Pepe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Mikhail, E., Bethel, J., and McGlone, J. (2001). Introduction to Modern Photogrammetry, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Atkinson, K.B. (1996). Network Design. Close Range Photogrammetry and Machine Vision, Whittles Publishing."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Aber, J., Marzolff, I., and Ries, J.B. (2016). Small Format Aerial Photography: Principles, Techniques and Geoscience Applications, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz-Ablanedo, E., Chandler, J.H., Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, J.R., and Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, C. (2018). Accuracy of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and SfM photogrammetry survey as a function of the number and location of ground control points used. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101606"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.06.027","article-title":"Erosion processes in Calanchi in the Upper Orcia Valley, Southern Tuscany, Italy based on multitemporal high-resolution terrestrial LiDAR and UAV surveys","volume":"269","author":"Neugirg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1292074","article-title":"Lightweight UAV digital elevation models and orthoimagery for environmental applications: Data accuracy evaluation and potential for river flood risk modelling","volume":"38","author":"Coveney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/2026\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:14:02Z","timestamp":1760123642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/2026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15082026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15082026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]}}}