{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:18:58Z","timestamp":1775081938857,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["TED2021-130815B-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130815B-C33"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["FPU21\/04916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU21\/04916"]}]},{"name":"European Union \u201cNextGenerationEU\u201d\/PRTR\u201d","award":["TED2021-130815B-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130815B-C33"]}]},{"name":"European Union \u201cNextGenerationEU\u201d\/PRTR\u201d","award":["FPU21\/04916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU21\/04916"]}]},{"name":"Formaci\u00f3n del Profesorado Universitario from the Spanish Ministry of Education","award":["TED2021-130815B-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130815B-C33"]}]},{"name":"Formaci\u00f3n del Profesorado Universitario from the Spanish Ministry of Education","award":["FPU21\/04916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU21\/04916"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose an optimized Structure-from-Motion (SfM) Multi-View Stereopsis (MVS) workflow, based on minimizing different errors and inaccuracies of historical aerial photograph series (1945, 1979, 1984, and 2008 surveys), prior to generation of elevation-calibrated historical Digital Surface Models (hDSM) at 1 m resolution. We applied LiDAR techniques on Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds (Spanish PNOA LiDAR flights of 2014 and 2019) for comparison and validation purposes. Implementation of these products in multi-temporal analysis requires quality control due to the diversity of sources and technologies involved. To accomplish this, (i) we used the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) between GNSS-Validation Points and the elevations observed by DSM-ALS to evaluate the elevation accuracy of DSM-ALS generated with the LAScatalog processing engine; (ii) optimization of the SfM sparse clouds in the georeferencing step was evaluated by calculating the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the Check Points extracted from DSM-ALS and the predicted elevations per sparse cloud; (iii) the MVS clouds were evaluated by calculating the MAE between ALS-Validation Points and the predicted elevations per MVS cloud; iv) the accuracy of the resulting historical SfM-MVS DSMs were assessed using the MAE between ALS-Validation Points and the observed elevations per historical DSM; and (v) we implemented a calibration method based on a linear correction to reduce the elevation discrepancies between historical DSMs and the DSM-ALS 2019 reference elevations. This optimized workflow can generate high-resolution (1 m pixel size) hDSMs with reasonable accuracy: MAE in z ranges from 0.41 m (2008 DSM) to 5.21 m (1945 DSM). Overall, hDSMs generated using historical images have great potential for geo-environmental processes monitoring in different ecosystems and, in some cases (i.e., sufficient image overlapping and quality), being an acceptable replacement for LiDAR data when it is not available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T01:35:00Z","timestamp":1681349700000},"page":"2044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An Optimized Workflow for Digital Surface Model Series Generation Based on Historical Aerial Images: Testing and Quality Assessment in the Beach-Dune System of Sa R\u00e0pita-Es Trenc (Mallorca, Spain)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Mestre-Runge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7582-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Lorenzo-Lacruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, University of La Rioja, 26004 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6189-6468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Ortega-Mclear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4584-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celso","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.07.011","article-title":"Technology and geomorphology: Are improvements in data collection techniques transforming geomorphic science?","volume":"270","author":"Viles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2020.107055","article-title":"Combining geomorphometry, feature extraction techniques and Earth-surface processes research: The way forward","volume":"355","author":"Sofia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2015.05.012","article-title":"Analyzing high resolution topography for advancing the understanding of mass and energy transfer through landscapes: A review","volume":"148","author":"Passalacqua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q. (2017). Digital Elevation Model and Digital Surface Model. Int. Encycl. Geogr. People Earth Environ. Technol., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118786352.wbieg0768"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64177-9.00001-1","article-title":"Structure from motion photogrammetric technique","volume":"23","author":"Eltner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Earth Surf. Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.4081\/jae.2013.258","article-title":"LiDAR derived high resolution topography: The next challenge for the analysis of terraces stability and vineyard soil erosion","volume":"44","author":"Preti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3366","article-title":"Topographic structure from motion: A new development in photogrammetric measurement","volume":"38","author":"Fonstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.11.005","article-title":"The application of LiDAR to investigate foredune morphology and vegetation","volume":"303","author":"Doyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-16-00095.1","article-title":"New techniques to measure cliff change from historical oblique aerial photographs and structure-from-motion photogrammetry","volume":"33","author":"Warrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2021.3121370","article-title":"Decennial Geomorphic Transport From Archived Time Series Digital Elevation Models: A cookbook for tropical and alpine environments","volume":"10","author":"Lucas","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4086","article-title":"Application of Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry to river restoration","volume":"42","author":"Marteau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.479","article-title":"The effects of land use and topographic changes on sediment connectivity in mountain catchments","volume":"660","author":"Llena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozek, P., Janus, J., and Mitka, B. (2019). Analysis of Changes in Forest Structure using Point Clouds from Historical Aerial Photographs. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192259"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.02.001","article-title":"Lidar sampling for large-area forest characterization: A review","volume":"121","author":"Wulder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-011-0102-2","article-title":"The use of terrestrial LiDAR technology in forest science: Application fields, benefits and challenges","volume":"68","author":"Dassot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-19-2597-2019","article-title":"Hydro-meteorological reconstruction and geomorphological impact assessment of the October 2018 catastrophic flash flood at Sant Lloren\u00e7, Mallorca (Spain)","volume":"19","author":"Amengual","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9634-2","article-title":"Use of LIDAR in landslide investigations: A review","volume":"61","author":"Jaboyedoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11472","article-title":"Extracting drainage networks and their connectivity using LiDAR data","volume":"32","author":"Roelens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-3579-2017","article-title":"Delineating wetland catchments and modeling hydrologic connectivity using lidar data and aerial imagery","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.071","article-title":"Mapping water and sediment connectivity","volume":"673","author":"Cavalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2516900","article-title":"Comparison of Pleiades and LiDAR Digital Elevation Models for Terraces Detection in Farmlands","volume":"9","author":"Sofia","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.46","article-title":"Remotely sensed forest habitat structures improve regional species conservation","volume":"3","author":"Rechsteiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Revilla, S., Lamelas, M.T., Domingo, D., de la Riva, J., Montorio, R., Montealegre, A.L., and Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn, A. (2021). Assessing the Potential of the DART Model to Discrete Return LiDAR Simulation\u2014Application to Fuel Type Mapping. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030342"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3189\/2013JoG12J154","article-title":"Lidar measurement of snow depth: A review","volume":"59","author":"Deems","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112061","article-title":"lidR: An R package for analysis of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data","volume":"251","author":"Roussel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4509","article-title":"LiDAR-based fluvial remote sensing to assess 50\u2013100-year human-driven channel changes at a regional level: The case of the Piedmont Region, Italy","volume":"44","author":"Bizzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, P., Xia, J., Zhong, R., Zhao, Z., and Tan, S. (2021). A New Method for Automated Measurement of Sand Dune Migration Based on Multi-Temporal LiDAR-Derived Digital Elevation Models. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163084"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9727","article-title":"High-resolution topography and anthropogenic feature extraction: Testing geomorphometric parameters in floodplains","volume":"28","author":"Sofia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paw\u0142uszek, K., Marczak, S., Borkowski, A., and Tarolli, P. (2019). Multi-aspect analysis of object-oriented landslide detection based on an extended set of LiDAR-derived terrain features. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8080321"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"30","article-title":"Object-oriented identification of forested landslides with derivatives of single pulse LiDAR data","volume":"173\u2013174","author":"Kerle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"102263","article-title":"NC-ND license Assessing the performance of different OBIA software approaches for mapping invasive alien plants along roads with remote sensing data","volume":"95","author":"Teodoro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora, O.E., Gabriela Lenzano, M., Toth, C.K., Grejner-Brzezinska, D.A., and Fayne, J.V. (2018). Landslide change detection based on Multi-Temporal airborne LIDAR-derived DEMs. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8010023"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"629","article-title":"A geomorphological model for landslide detection using airborne lidar data","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohsan, S.A.H., Khan, M.A., Noor, F., Ullah, I., and Alsharif, M.H. (2022). Towards the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Comprehensive Review. Drones, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones6060147"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.03.013","article-title":"Modeling the precision of structure-from-motion multi-view stereo digital elevation models from repeated close-range aerial surveys","volume":"210","author":"Goetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2016.03.011","article-title":"UAVs for coastal surveying","volume":"114","author":"Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-017-2811-9","article-title":"Evaluation of UAV- and GNSS-Based DEMs for Earthwork Volume","volume":"43","author":"Akgul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.5130","article-title":"Quantifying decadal volumetric changes along sandy beaches using improved historical aerial photographic models and contemporary data","volume":"46","author":"Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grottoli, E., Biausque, M., Rogers, D., Jackson, D.W.T., and Cooper, J.A.G. (2021). Structure-from-motion-derived digital surface models from historical aerial photographs: A new 3d application for coastal dune monitoring. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010095"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4911","article-title":"Structure-from-motion photogrammetry analysis of historical aerial photography: Determining beach volumetric change over decadal scales","volume":"45","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.05.029","article-title":"Evaluation of DSMs generated from multi-temporal aerial photographs using emerging structure from motion\u2013multi-view stereo technology","volume":"268","author":"Ishiguro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1179\/1461957112Y.0000000010","article-title":"Historic Aerial Photographic Archives for European Archaeology","volume":"15","author":"Sevara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.02.021","article-title":"A study of Japanese landscapes using structure from motion derived DSMs and DEMs based on historical aerial photographs: New opportunities for vegetation monitoring and diachronic geomorphology","volume":"242","author":"Gomez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pepe, M., Alfio, V.S., and Costantino, D. (2022). UAV Platforms and the SfM-MVS Approach in the 3D Surveys and Modelling: A Review in the Cultural Heritage Field. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app122412886"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berra, E.F., and Peppa, M.V. (2020, January 22\u201326). Advances and challenges of UAV SFM MVS photogrammetry and remote sensing: Short review. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Latin American GRSS & ISPRS Remote Sensing Conference (LAGIRS), Santiago, Chile.","DOI":"10.1109\/LAGIRS48042.2020.9285975"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.04.016","article-title":"Efficient structure from motion for large-scale UAV images: A review and a comparison of SfM tools","volume":"167","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Zhang, Z., Luo, S., Cai, Y., and Guo, S. (2022). An Improved Matting-SfM Algorithm for 3D Reconstruction of Self-Rotating Objects. Mathematics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/math10162892"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153480","article-title":"Dreams of natural streams","volume":"319","author":"Montgomery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12048","article-title":"Photogrammetric usage of 1956-57 usaf aerial photography of Spain","volume":"29","author":"Bascon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2012.00704.x","article-title":"Accuracy Assessment of Commercial Self-Calibrating Bundle Adjustment Routines Applied to Archival Aerial Photography","volume":"28","author":"Aguilar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74002-5_1","article-title":"A Perspective on Coastal Dunes","volume":"Volume 171","author":"Psuty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Coastal Dunes. Ecological Studies"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.14198\/INGEO2016.66.08","article-title":"La erosi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica de la playa de sa R\u00e0pita (S. Mallorca)","volume":"66","author":"Prieto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Geogr\u00e1ficas"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2007.03.008","article-title":"Morphodynamic classification of sandy beaches in low energetic marine environment","volume":"242","author":"Orfila","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"187","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis de la evoluci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica de la l\u00ednea de costa de la playa de Es Trenc (S. de Mallorca): Causas y consecuencias","volume":"21","author":"Prieto","year":"2018","journal-title":"GeoFocus. Int. Rev. Geogr. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Persia, M., Barca, E., Greco, R., Marzulli, M.I., and Tartarino, P. (2020). Archival Aerial Images Georeferencing: A Geostatistically-Based Approach for Improving Orthophoto Accuracy with Minimal Number of Ground Control Points. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142232"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Lorenzo-Lacruz, J., Garcia, C., Mor\u00e1n-Tejeda, E., Cap\u00f3, A., and Mestre-Runge, C. (2021). Monografias de la Societat d\u2019Historia Natural de Balears, Societat d\u2019Hist\u00f2ria Natural de les Balears."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"QGIS developement team QGIS Geographic Information System (2023, April 11). Open-Source Geospatial Foundation Project 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.qgis.org\/en\/site\/."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Liu, X., and Zhang, Z. (July, January 30). Ground truth extraction from LiDAR data for image orthorectification. Proceedings of the 2008 International Workshop on Earth Observation and Remote Sensing Applications, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.01.008","article-title":"Reconstruction of former glacier surface topography from archive oblique aerial images","volume":"282","author":"Midgley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Agisoft, L.L.C. (2023, April 11). Agisoft Metashape (v 1.7.3) 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.agisoft.com\/."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludwig, M., Runge, C.M., Friess, N., Koch, T.L., Richter, S., Seyfried, S., Wraase, L., Lobo, A., Sebasti\u00e0, M.T., and Reudenbach, C. (2020). Quality Assessment of Photogrammetric Methods\u2014A Workflow for Reproducible UAS Orthomosaics. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223831"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polidori, L., and Hage, M. (2020). El Digital elevation model quality assessment methods: A critical review. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213522"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-15-5481-2022","article-title":"Root-mean-square error (RMSE) or mean absolute error (MAE): When to use them or not","volume":"15","author":"Hodson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2022.113379","article-title":"Historical Structure from Motion (HSfM): Automated processing of historical aerial photographs for long-term topographic change analysis","volume":"285","author":"Knuth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4085","article-title":"Archival photogrammetric analysis of river\u2013floodplain systems using Structure from Motion (SfM) methods","volume":"42","author":"Bakker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00367-020-00638-8","article-title":"Accuracy of sand beach topography surveying by drones and photogrammetry","volume":"40","author":"Casella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geo-Mar. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seccaroni, S., Santangelo, M., Marchesini, I., Mondini, A.C., and Cardinali, M. (2018). High Resolution Historical Topography: Getting More from Archival Aerial Photographs. Proceedings, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/ecrs-2-05160"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-2-105-2018","article-title":"Toward automatic georeferencing of archival aerial photogrammetric surveys","volume":"IV-2","author":"Giordano","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5194\/gi-7-277-2018","article-title":"Precise DEM extraction from Svalbard using 1936 high oblique imagery","volume":"7","author":"Girod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosci. Instrum. Methods Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f6lg, N., and Bolch, T. (2017). Structure-from-Motion Using Historical Aerial Images to Analyse Changes in Glacier Surface Elevation. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9101021"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/2044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:14:51Z","timestamp":1760123691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/2044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15082044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15082044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]}}}