{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:51:46Z","timestamp":1770972706374,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["653980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["653980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-[A0090107689]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-[A0090107689]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"GENCI-CINES","award":["653980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["653980"]}]},{"name":"GENCI-CINES","award":["2021-[A0090107689]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-[A0090107689]"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dynamic vertical coupling in the middle and lower thermosphere (MLT) is documented over the Ma\u00efdo observatory at La R\u00e9union island (21\u00b0S, 55\u00b0E). The investigation uses data obtained in the framework of the Atmospheric dynamics Research InfraStructure in Europe (ARISE) project. In particular, Rayleigh lidar and nightglow measurements combined with other observations and modeling provide information on a mesospheric inversion layer (MIL) and the related gravity waves (GWs) on 9 and 10 October 2017. A Rossby wave breaking (RWB) produced instabilities in the sheared background wind and a strong tropospheric activity of GWs on 9\u201311 October above La R\u00e9union. The MIL was observed on the night of 9 October when a large amount of tropospheric GWs propagated upward into the middle atmosphere and disappeared on 11 October when the stratospheric zonal wind filtering became a significant blocking. Among other results, dominant mesospheric GW modes with vertical wavelengths of about 4\u20136 km and 10\u201313 km can be traced down to the troposphere and up to the mesopause. Dominant GWs with a wavelength of ~2\u20133 km and 6 km also propagated upward and eastward from the tropospheric source into the stratosphere on 9\u201311 October. Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) temperature and OH profiles indicate that GW activity in the middle atmosphere affects the upper atmosphere with waves breaking at heights below the MIL and in the mesopause. Several techniques are illustrated on nightglow images to access GW activity and spectral characteristics at the mesopause for high and low frequency GWs on the nights of 9\u201310 October. In conclusion, intense tropospheric activity of GWs induced by RWB events can be linked with MILs at the subtropical barrier in the South-West Indian Ocean during austral winter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T01:35:00Z","timestamp":1681349700000},"page":"2045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Case Study of a Mesospheric Temperature Inversion over Ma\u00efdo Observatory through a Multi-Instrumental Observation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9209-3827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrice","family":"Chane Ming","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LACy, CNRS\/M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France, UMR 8105, Universit\u00e9 de la R\u00e9union, 97744 Saint-Denis de La R\u00e9union, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9888-6994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Hauchecorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LATMOS-IPSL, CNRS\/INSU, UMR 8190, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 78280 Guyancourt, France"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Bellisario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ONERA, Chemin de la Huni\u00e8re, 91123 Palaiseau, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1556-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Simoneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ONERA, Chemin de la Huni\u00e8re, 91123 Palaiseau, France"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Keckhut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LATMOS-IPSL, CNRS\/INSU, UMR 8190, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 78280 Guyancourt, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5282-3412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Tr\u00e9moulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LACy, CNRS\/M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France, UMR 8105, Universit\u00e9 de la R\u00e9union, 97744 Saint-Denis de La R\u00e9union, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-8689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantino","family":"Listowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA, DAM, DIF, 91297 Arpajon, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3169-1636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwena\u00ebl","family":"Berthet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPC2E, CNRS, CNES, UMR 7328, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, 45071 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3527-1399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrice","family":"J\u00e9gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPC2E, CNRS, CNES, UMR 7328, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, 45071 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Khaykin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LATMOS-IPSL, CNRS\/INSU, UMR 8190, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 78280 Guyancourt, France"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Tidiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPC2E, CNRS, CNES, UMR 7328, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, 45071 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Le Pichon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA, DAM, DIF, 91297 Arpajon, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000766","DOI":"10.3389\/fspas.2022.1000766","article-title":"Physics in the mesosphere\/lower thermosphere: A personal perspective","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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